24 research outputs found

    Anbau von Lupinen in der Schweiz

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    Inhalt 1. EinfĂŒhrung: Potenzial von Lupinen, Arten 2. Anbautelegramm 3. Versuchsergebnisse Blaue Lupine 4. Weisse Lupine: Anthraknose und ErtrĂ€ge 5. Lupinenanbau: weitere Herausforderungen 6. Zusammenfassung Versuchsergebnisse 7. Saatgutquellen 2021 8. Abnehmer 202

    Development of a quantitative Pea Necrotic Yellow Dwarf Virus (PNYDV) screening system for the selection of resistant pea (Pisum sativum L.) accessions

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    Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a widely grown grain legume in temperate regions and contributes largely to protein rich food and feed and biological nitrogen fixation in the crop rotation. However, many biotic stresses, such as fungal and viral pathogens and insect pests are crucial constraints of successful pea production. Pea necrotic yellow dwarf virus (PNYDV), an obligate aphid transmitted nanovirus, emerged in Central Europe only recently during the last 10-15 years. In contrast to other viral diseases of pea, PNYDV leads to substantial yield reduction or even complete loss in highly epidemic years. Control of this virus is challenging particularly in organic agriculture, where insecticidal treatment against the aphid vector is very limited or not allowed. The selection and breeding of resistant pea varieties is therefore the most promising approach. We have established a screening system for the selection of resistant lines by employing a newly developed qPCR assay for the differential assessment of the virus load between pea accessions upon inoculation with aphids carrying PNYDV. This quantitative assessment will allow the identification of breeding lines able to limit or suppress the virus multiplication. Breeding lines will be selected based on qPCR assay and validated in the field. This novel screening approach can be translated to other obligate aphid transmitted virus in different crops and become an important selection tool for breeding and genomic analysis

    Development of an Ascochyta blight screening system in vivo and in vitro for the selection of resistant pea (Pisum sativum L.) accessions

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    The cultivation of pea (Pisum sativum L.) among other leguminous crops has become more and more important in respect to biological nitrogen fixation for sustainable cropping systems and as important plant-based protein source for human nutrition. However, pea production is challenged by many biotic stresses, such as fungal and viral pathogens and insect pests. Among fungal pathogens, Didymella pisi, D. pinodes and D. pinodella contributing to the Ascochyta blight complex are causing severe yield losses in pea production. The disease is stubble-, air-, soil- and seed-borne, hence disease control includes certified seed production and fungicide applications. However, particularly in organic agriculture the latter is not available and disease resistant varieties are needed. In collaboration with an organic pea breeder, we have established a reproducible screening system for selection of resistant pea lines using artificial inoculation. Main achievements are the isolation and identification of Didymella strains which contribute most to Ascochyta blight under local conditions, and differential scoring scales of pea leaf or tendril symptoms caused by the different Didymella species used for inoculation. This screening system is fundamental for phenotypic selection of resistant breeding lines independent of the disease pressure in the field. Moreover, it can be employed for identification of resistance genes using genome-wide association studies or genomic prediction approaches

    Development of a quantitative Pea Necrotic Yellow Dwarf Virus (PNYDV) screening system for the selection of resistant pea (Pisum sativum L.) accessions

    Get PDF
    Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a widely grown grain legume in temperate regions and contributes largely to protein rich food and feed and biological nitrogen fixation in the crop rotation. However, many biotic stresses, such as fungal and viral pathogens and insect pests are crucial constraints of successful pea production. Pea necrotic yellow dwarf virus (PNYDV), an obligate aphid transmitted nanovirus, emerged in Central Europe only recently during the last 10-15 years. In contrast to other viral diseases of pea, PNYDV leads to substantial yield reduction or even complete loss in highly epidemic years. Control of this virus is challenging particularly in organic agriculture, where insecticidal treatment against the aphid vector is very limited or not allowed. The selection and breeding of resistant pea varieties is therefore the most promising approach. We have established a screening system for the selection of resistant lines by employing a newly developed qPCR assay for the differential assessment of the virus load between pea accessions upon inoculation with aphids carrying PNYDV. This quantitative assessment will allow the identification of breeding lines able to limit or suppress the virus multiplication. Breeding lines will be selected based on qPCR assay and validated in the field. This novel screening approach can be translated to other obligate aphid transmitted virus in different crops and become an important selection tool for breeding and genomic analysis

    Selection of Mimotopes of the Cell Surface Adhesion Molecule Mel-CAM from a Random pVIII-28aa Phage Peptide Library

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    The cell surface adhesion molecule Mel-CAM is highly expressed in advanced primary and metastatic melanoma. Mel-CAM was first described as an integral membrane glycoprotein of malignant melanoma cells. The murine monoclonal antibody MAd18-5D7 recognizes an epitope of the extracellular domain of Mel-CAM and is able to enhance Mel-CAM mediated adhesion of melanoma cells in aggregation assays. For the characterization of peptides that antigenically mimic surface-exposed areas of Mel-CAM we screened a newly constructed random pVIII-28aa bacteriophage peptide library against MAd18-5D7. After three panning rounds a population of phages binding to MAd18-5D7 was enriched. Peptides expressed on the surface of these phages were then tested for their specificity for the antibody's antigen binding site. DNA sequences coding for two specific peptide ligands were determined. One of the deduced amino acid sequences showed similarity to a portion of the sequence of the third immunoglobulin-like extracellular domain of Mel-CAM. Both peptides blocked the interaction of MAd18-5D7 with Mel-CAM present in a MelJuSo melanoma cell line lysate. Phage displayed as well as synthetic peptides inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the binding of MAd18-5D7 to recombinant Mel-CAM in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay experiments. No such inhibition was observed using a panel of other anti-Mel-CAM antibodies. Our results clearly indicate that these 28mer peptides are structural equivalents of the MAd18-5D7 epitope of Mel-CAM and that they will be useful tools for further in vitro and in vivo studies of Mel-CAM mediated cell–cell interaction

    Behavioral genomics of honeybee foraging and nest defense

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    The honeybee has been the most important insect species for study of social behavior. The recently released draft genomic sequence for the bee will accelerate honeybee behavioral genetics. Although we lack sufficient tools to manipulate this genome easily, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that influence natural variation in behavior have been identified and tested for their effects on correlated behavioral traits. We review what is known about the genetics and physiology of two behavioral traits in honeybees, foraging specialization (pollen versus nectar), and defensive behavior, and present evidence that map-based cloning of genes is more feasible in the bee than in other metazoans. We also present bioinformatic analyses of candidate genes within QTL confidence intervals (CIs). The high recombination rate of the bee made it possible to narrow the search to regions containing only 17–61 predicted peptides for each QTL, although CIs covered large genetic distances. Knowledge of correlated behavioral traits, comparative bioinformatics, and expression assays facilitated evaluation of candidate genes. An overrepresentation of genes involved in ovarian development and insulin-like signaling components within pollen foraging QTL regions suggests that an ancestral reproductive gene network was co-opted during the evolution of foraging specialization. The major QTL influencing defensive/aggressive behavior contains orthologs of genes involved in central nervous system activity and neurogenesis. Candidates at the other two defensive-behavior QTLs include modulators of sensory signaling (Am5HT(7) serotonin receptor, AmArr4 arrestin, and GABA-B-R1 receptor). These studies are the first step in linking natural variation in honeybee social behavior to the identification of underlying genes

    Leguminosen - Eiweisspflanzen der Zukunft (Online-Seminar anstelle des Bio-Körnerlegumnosentages)

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    «Leguminosen - Eiweisspflanzen der Zukunft»: (anstelle des Bio-Körnerleguminosentages): ZĂŒchterinnen von gzpk und FiBL Schweiz informieren ĂŒber den aktuellen Stand in der biologischen Erbsen- und LupinenzĂŒchtung

    Aussichten fĂŒr den Lupinenanbau in der Schweiz

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    Inhalt EinfĂŒhrung 1.Lupinen: menschliche ErnĂ€hrung 2.Lupinen: TierfĂŒtterung 3.Lupinen: Potential 4.SĂŒsslupinenartenfĂŒr den Anbau in der Schweiz 5.WeisseLupinen 6.SchmalblĂ€ttrige („Blaue“) Lupinen 7.RohnĂ€hrstoffe der Lupinen im Vergleich Praxis 1.Ertragsaussichten 2.Anbautelegramm Herausforderungen 1.Anthraknose 2.ZĂŒchtung 3.Unkraut –Mischkultur? Sortenwahl 1.Blaue Lupine –bewĂ€hrte Sorten 2.Blaue Lupine –neuere Sorten 3.Blaue Lupine -Sortenversuche 2015-2017 (FiBL) 4.Blaue Lupine -Sortenversuche 2020 (gzpk) 5.WeisseLupine –traditionelle Sorten 6.WeisseLupine –neue Sorten 7.WeisseLupine –Sortenversuche 2018, 2019 8.WeisseLupine -Sortenversuche 2020 Weitere Herausforderungen Fazit 1.Blaue Lupinen 2.WeisseLupinen Abnehmer 202

    When earwig mothers do not care to share: Parent-offspring competition and the evolution of family life

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    International audienceKin competition often reduces – and sometimes entirely negates – the benefits of cooperation among family members. Surprisingly, the impact of kin competition on the fitness effects of family life only received close scrutiny in studies on sibling rivalry, whereas the possibility of parent–offspring competition has attracted much less attention. As a consequence, it remains unclear whether and how parent–offspring competition could have affected the early evolution of parental care and family life.Here, we examined the occurrence and consequences of parent–offspring competition over food access in the European earwig Forficula auricularia , an insect with facultative family life reminiscent of an ancestral state. Specifically, we (1) raised earwig offspring under food limitation either together with or without their mother, and (2) tested whether and how the — potentially competitive — weight gains of mothers and offspring during family life affected the offsprings' survival rate and morphology, and the future reproductive investment of their mother.In line with the occurrence of parent–offspring competition, we showed that high maternal weight gains during family life reduced the survival prospects of maternally tended offspring, while they increased the mothers' investment into the production of a second clutch (but not the body size of the surviving offspring). Conversely, high offspring weight gains generally increased the offsprings' survival, but did so to a larger extent when they were together with their mother. Intriguingly, mothers that had exhibited a low initial weight showed especially high weight gains.Overall, our results demonstrate that maternal presence under food restriction triggered a local competition between mothers and their offspring. This competition limited offspring survival, but allowed mothers to increase their investment into future reproduction and/or to maintain their current body condition. On a general level, our findings reveal that parent–offspring competition can counteract the benefits of (facultative) parental care, and may thus impede the evolution of family life in resource‐poor environments
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