A Novel High-Affinity Sucrose Transporter Is Required for Virulence of the Plant Pathogen Ustilago maydis

A novel, high-affinity sucrose transporter identified in the plasma membrane of the plant pathogen Ustilago maydis is essential for fungal virulence and successful infection of maize

Flooding Greatly Affects the Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Communities in the Roots of Wetland Plants

The communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonizing the roots of three mangrove species were characterized along a tidal gradient in a mangrove swamp. A fragment, designated SSU-ITS-LSU, including part of the small subunit (SSU), the entire internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and part of the large subunit (LSU) of rDNA from samples of AMF-colonized roots was amplified, cloned and sequenced using AMF-specific primers. Similar levels of AMF diversity to those observed in terrestrial ecosystems were detected in the roots, indicating that the communities of AMF in wetland ecosystems are not necessarily low in diversity. In total, 761 Glomeromycota sequences were obtained, which grouped, according to phylogenetic analysis using the SSU-ITS-LSU fragment, into 23 phylotypes, 22 of which belonged to Glomeraceae and one to Acaulosporaceae. The results indicate that flooding plays an important role in AMF diversity, and its effects appear to depend on the degree (duration) of flooding. Both host species and tide level affected community structure of AMF, indicating the presence of habitat and host species preferences

High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses

High-throughput sequencing studies generate vast amounts of taxonomic data. Evolutionary ecological hypotheses of the recovered taxa and Species Hypotheses are difficult to test due to problems with alignments and the lack of a phylogenetic backbone. We propose an updated phylum-and class-level fungal classification accounting for monophyly and divergence time so that the main taxonomic ranks are more informative. Based on phylogenies and divergence time estimates, we adopt phylum rank to Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Glomeromycota, Entomophthoromycota, Entorrhizomycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota and Olpidiomycota. We accept nine subkingdoms to accommodate these 18 phyla. We consider the kingdom Nucleariae (phyla Nuclearida and Fonticulida) as a sister group to the Fungi. We also introduce a perl script and a newick-formatted classification backbone for assigning Species Hypotheses into a hierarchical taxonomic framework, using this or any other classification system. We provide an example of testing evolutionary ecological hypotheses based on a global soil fungal data set.Peer reviewe

Effectiveness of mycorrhizal fungi on globe artichoke ( Cynara cardunculus

The effectiveness of two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal isolates (Glomus intraradices and Glomus viscosum) in sustaining plant growth and the physiological activities of the micropropagated globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.) Fiori) were investigated during acclimatization and 90 days after plant establishment. All the mycorrhizal microplants survived transplant shock thus confirming the positive role of AM fungi colonization on ex vitro establishment. The growth increased in mycorrhizal plants, especially in plants inoculated with Glomus viscosum. Mycorrhizal plantlets showed higher stomatal conductance, which is probably necessary to supply the carbon needs of fungal symbionts. The SPAD (soil plant analysis development) data could be useful for plant management as a predictor for tissue nitrogen levels. The higher SPAD values in mycorrhizal plants are strictly related to a higher photosynthetic potential, and consequently to their better nitrogen nutrient status due to the symbiotic relationship. Regardless of the mycorrhizal performance in the host-fungus combination, the most efficient fungus for the artichoke microplants was Glomus viscosum. © 2012 Taylor & Francis