Soil Enhancement Material using Palm Oil Ashes (POA) for Grounding Purposes

In this study, we present our work on the application of palm oil ashes (POA) as backfill to be used in an earth grounding grid system. The backfill is implemented while considering certain high soil resistances in certain areas. In this project, we used POA as material as well as copper tape, aluminum tape, and galvanized steel as microgrids. The size of the microgrid is 1 square meter and is buried 1 meter into the ground. Two microgrids of each conductor type were assembled. One of the microgrids was installed with the POA as backfill and the other without backfill as a reference point. Fall-of-potential was used to measure soil resistance. The data collected show that the galvanized microgrid added with POA produced the best result with an improvement of almost 17%–23% compared with its reference point. This is followed by copper microgrid with almost 9%–13% improvement. Meanwhile, the aluminum microgrid had the worst performance with a resistance increment of just 1%–3%

Investigation of carbon nanotube ink with PDMS printing plate on fine solid lines printed by micro-flexographic printing method

Micro-flexographic printing which is combination of flexography and micro-contact printing is a unique printing technique that create graphic, electronic and biomedical printed image on variable substrates. Therefore, an investigation for its potential usage in global area of printing hence a research for suitable ink and printing plate related to this process is vital. This paper will focus on investigating the printability of Carbon Nanotube (CNT) ink with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) printing plate. There are two types of CNTs ink which are solvent base and water base. A printing trial has been carried out in comparison with CNTs inks and PDMS printing plate with fine solid lines image on it to check the suitability of the printing plate development for micro-flexographic printing technique. The result shows that CNT water base ink is suitable with PDMS printing plate in printing fine solid lines image

Investigation of carbon nanotube ink with PDMS printing plate on fine solid lines printed by micro-flexographic printing method

Micro-flexographic printing which is combination of flexography and micro-contact printing is a unique printing technique that create graphic, electronic and biomedical printed image on variable substrates. Therefore, an investigation for its potential usage in global area of printing hence a research for suitable ink and printing plate related to this process is vital. This paper will focus on investigating the printability of Carbon Nanotube (CNT) ink with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) printing plate. There are two types of CNTs ink which are solvent base and water base. A printing trial has been carried out in comparison with CNTs inks and PDMS printing plate with fine solid lines image on it to check the suitability of the printing plate development for micro-flexographic printing technique. The result shows that CNT water base ink is suitable with PDMS printing plate in printing fine solid lines image

A Mini Review on Working Mechanism, Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) and Preventative Maintenance of Low Temperature Long Term (LTLT) Milk Pasteurizer

A small-scaled batch Low Temperature- Long Term (LTLT) pasteurizer is one of many types of pasteurizers that is being utilized in food-based industries particularly in dairies. It has a capacity of heating up the milk and holding the temperature for a certain amount of time to kill pathogenic microorganisms. The instantaneous heat up is caused by heat exchangers either in the form of plates or metal coils depending on the machine. The coil is circulated within the jacket of the tank where it heats up and holds the temperature. Hot water circulation will be in continuous movement around the milk to heat it up and maintain the desired temperature. After certain period, the efficiency of LTLT pasteurizer starts declining due to cumulated issues. Decline in efficiency will affect the output of the machine too. Instantaneous heat exchanges, leaking, unstable pressure and electrical problem degrades the machine over period if it is not complying with Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) and a proper Preventative Maintenance (PM) plan. The SOP and PM will increase the machine’s lifespan and maintain a good efficiency rate for longer period. This mini review paper will compile the possible PM plan and establish a sustainable SOP for the LTLT Pasteurizer

Degradation and stability of polymer: A mini review

Observations of alterations in the structural and chemical properties have been commonly performed to understand the process by which polymers degrade. The validity of each observational procedure depends primarily on the test material and type of degradation. An appropriate method for the characterization of polymers can often be utilized to examine the properties of degradation. The service life of a polymer depends strongly on the conditions to which the material is subjected. On the other hand, the stability of the material, including nanocomposite polymer blends, often dictates its usefulness. Thus, this review was aimed to evaluate the degradation of nanocomposite polymer blends, with specific focus on the role of the fillers and the composition of the blends. The factors that could significantly affect the degradation of the same were the presence of a filler, as well as the morphology and composition of the blends

A short review on polymeric materials concerning degradable polymers

The demand for cutting-edge functional materials has been increasing since the decade. Polymeric materials usage in the past decade contributes to its commercial accomplishment, thus encouraging more groundbreaking research-based activities. Although this news is promising for polymer-related industries, the fast consumption rate of these materials throughout the world will seriously harm the environment through the accumulation of waste materials sourced primarily from by-products, faulty products or municipal from various agricultural farms and industries with disposal difficulties. Wide usage of polymeric materials is due to their ease of processing, light weight and relatively low manufacturing cost. Various advancements were made over the years in developing polymeric materials of high performance. Structure and ionic bonds of polymeric and biomaterials are the reason behind their physical and chemical properties. However, their usage is limited due to expensive manufacturing cost and difficulty in shaping and processing them

The Effect of Thermal Perturbation on a Polymer Material’s Tensile Test via Simulation and Experimental Analysis

Polymers are made from pieces of monomer that can be connected into a long chain. Natural rubber is studied in this research. In this research, tensile testing was conducted to the rubber specimen in order to check the heat release from the specimen. A thermocouple device was used to measure the specimen's temperature during tensile testing. The data from the tensile test were used to generate the stress vs strain curve. Computer simulation study was also performed. The results show that the temperature reading from the thermocouple device has increased to prove that there was a heat release from the tensile test. The heat was detected after the specimen’s fracture. The simulation test proved the same phenomena as the experimental test

Comparison of Arx and Armax Model for Thermoelectric Refrigerator

System identification is a procedure to characterize the dynamic behavior of a system, a system component based on measured data. This paper presents a study of the modeling and parameter identification of a refrigerator process by using the mathematical black- box modeling technique- ARX and ARMAX structure. A general ARX and ARMAX structure has been constructed for usual thermoelectric refrigerator systems and the Recursive Least Square (RLS) process is used for model parameters identification. The capabilities of the model constructed compared with that of ARX and ARMAX model. Several compositions of ARX and ARMAX orders and forgetting factor are analyzed for thermoelectric air-conditioning model to examine the optimal adjustments that improve their efficiency of PID controller

A Short Review on Developing Membrane Proficiency for Water Energy Sustainability

Growing worldwide demand in energy usage offers various opportunities in green energy technologies innovation. Responding to the sustainable energy concern is very important for the communities in order to uphold secure as well as balanced future progress ecologically and economically. Lately, increasing interest can be seen in developing enhanced efficient technologies of sustainable energy with capability to reduce the worldwide environmental footprint. Increasing knowledge in hybrid methods results in environmental resources utilization decrement during energy production. Nevertheless, numerous aspects such as natural resources availability as well as diverse policies of economic limit sustainable energies enhancement. Energy is the primary aspect in the progress to a sustainable future. Lately, technologies based on membrane start to play a crucial role in environmental-friendly and sustainable energy development. Membrane technologies opportunities in energy sustainability are analysed in review article