Non- adherence to anti-retroviral medication in Shiraz, 2014: a cross sectional study

Background: Medication adherence is a dynamic and complex behavioral process, which is strongly influenced by personal, social and environmental factors.Objectives: To determine the prevalence and factors affecting non-adherence to medication among HIV-infected patients.Methods and materials:Design: A cross-sectional study.Setting: Voluntary Counseling and Testing Center (VCT), Shiraz, Fars province, in the South of Iran.Patients: Among HIV-positive patients who received anti-retroviral therapy, 214 adult patients were selected through convenience sampling. Their medication adherence was checked by interview and counting the pills on visits during two months. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained from the patients' records.Results: Non-adherence and adherence groups included 30.4% (65) and 69.6% (149) of the patients, respectively. The mean age of patients was 40.80±7.77 years, and ranged from 20 to 65 years. Majority of cases (65%) were male. A significant relationship was found between non-adherence to medications and the variables of transmission method, marital status, housing status, and CD4, but there was no significant relationship with gender.Conclusion: The prevalence of medication adherence was similar to other regions with limited financial resources. To increase patient’s medication adherence, they should be exposed to motivational interventions to promote their drug consumption, social and occupational support.Keywords: Prevalence, adherence, anti-retroviral medication, HIV

Non- adherence to anti-retroviral medication in Shiraz, 2014: a cross sectional study

Background: Medication adherence is a dynamic and complex behavioral process, which is strongly influenced by personal, social and environmental factors. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and factors affecting non-adherence to medication among HIV-infected patients. Methods and materials: Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: Voluntary Counseling and Testing Center (VCT), Shiraz, Fars province, in the South of Iran. Patients: Among HIV-positive patients who received anti-retroviral therapy, 214 adult patients were selected through convenience sampling. Their medication adherence was checked by interview and counting the pills on visits during two months. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained from the patients' records. Results: Non-adherence and adherence groups included 30.4% (65) and 69.6% (149) of the patients, respectively. The mean age of patients was 40.80\ub17.77 years, and ranged from 20 to 65 years. Majority of cases (65%) were male. A significant relationship was found between non-adherence to medications and the variables of transmission method, marital status, housing status, and CD4, but there was no significant relationship with gender. Conclusion: The prevalence of medication adherence was similar to other regions with limited financial resources. To increase patient\u2019s medication adherence, they should be exposed to motivational interventions to promote their drug consumption, social and occupational support

Comparing the Effects of Aerobic and Stretching Exercises on the Intensity of Primary Dysmenorrhea in the Students of Universities of Bushehr

Objective: To compare the effects of aerobic and stretching exercises on severity of primary dysmenorrhea. Materials and methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 105 female students who were suffering from primary dysmenorrhea. The participants were divided into aerobic exercise, stretching exercise, and control groups. The two intervention groups did the exercises three times a week for eight weeks (two menstrual cycles). The intensity of dysmenorrhea was determined using a modified questionnaire that assessed several symptoms of dysmenorrhea. After all, the data were compared between and within groups through analysis of variance. Results: Before the intervention, the mean intensity of dysmenorrhea was 40.38 ± 5.5, 37.40 ± 3.8, and 38.45±3.3 in aerobic, stretching, and control groups, respectively, but the difference was not statistically significant. After the intervention, however, a significant difference was found among the three groups regarding the mean intensity of dysmenorrhea in the first and second menstrual cycles. Also, a significant difference was observed between the aerobic group and the control group as well as between the stretching group and the control group. Within group comparisons showed a significant difference in the aerobic and the stretching group before and after the interventions. However, no such difference was observed in control group. Conclusion: Both aerobic and stretching exercises were effective in reducing the severity of dysmenorrhea. Therefore, women could choose one of these two methods with regard to their interest and lifestyl

The review and study of elementary student injury

Background School injury is the second and most factor problem among the student in Iran elementary schools and it will be the cause of physical and mental disorders and sometimes, death. Students are at risk of accidents at schools and the way of schools because of their age and lack of experience. Objective Tto find out frequency and related factors of accidents in elementary schools in Fars province. Methods This is a descriptive study that was carried out among 216271 elementary student in the Fars province. In this study we used random methods to study the problem . After preparing a special check list and distributing among the school principals, we collected data and analyzed them by using SPSS. Findings 233 accident cases which were happen during the study were analyzed. 48.23% accident were among grade five elementary students and most of them happened in the months of October and December 47.9% of accidents happened between ours of 7.30 – 10 am. 54% of accidents was happen in the urban areas and 46% in the rural areas . Most cases of accidents was due to falling down by accidentally or intentionally. Conclusion Most accident were among grade five elementary students .more safety and precaution must be taken in elementary schools and increase the knowledge of student. Keywords: accidents, elementary students, elementary schools, Fars provinc

The effects of social capital and organizational commitment on the staff’s intellectual contribution in the central building of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences

Introduction: Nowadays human capital is the main asset in organizations. Thus, the employees’ intellectual involvement is a key factor in the success of organizations. Hence organizations should seek for factors that affect and boost the employees’ intellectual involvement. Therefore, the present research aimed at discovering the relationship between organizational commitment and social capital with intellectual involvement among employees of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Method: The study population consisted of staff employees at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. A sample of 224 employees was selected using cluster sampling. Data were collected using three questionnaires including social capital, organizational commitment, and intellectual involvement. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: It was found that the level of social capital, organizational commitment, and intellectual involvement was at an average level. There was a significant relationship between intellectual involvement and degree (p<0.01) and marital status (p<0.05). Other demographic variables had no significant relationship with research variables. Moreover, all research variables and their dimensions had a significant relationship with each other (p<0.01). Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be concluded that with improvement in each of the research variables, other variables will improve. For example, as a result of improvement in social capital or organization commitment, intellectual involvement will increase and the organization could use its competitive advantag

A comparison of socioeconomic level among hemodialysis patients and normal controls in the fars province, Iran

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health problem and it is suggested that low socioeconomic status (SES) may increase the risk of renal failure. The aim of this study was to report and compare the SES of hemodialysis patients (HD) and normal population in Shiraz, Iran. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated 519 HD patients and 900 normal controls. We asked about SES using a questionnaire. The participants were categorized into three groups according to their SES as low, medium, and high SES. Of the 1419 participants, 454 (31.7%), 581 (40.6%), and 395 (27.6%) were grouped in low, medium, and high SES, respectively. Most of our normal controls (43.5%) were in the medium SES group and most of the HD patients (61.3%) were in the low SES group. HD patients had a significantly lower SES score than the normal population (P <0.001). A pattern of decrease in the child number and increase in the marital age was seen associated with a rise in SES status among the two groups. In contrast with the control population, a pattern of increasing age was seen in the HD patients with a higher SES status (P = 0.038). In conclusion, SES was significantly lower in HD patients than the normal population. People with CKD and limited education or lower income should be targeted for early intervention

The Effects of Intensive Blood Pressure Control on Cardiovascular Outcomes Based on 10-Year ASCVD Risk Score: An Analysis of a Clinical Trial

There is still controversy about whether clinicians should include cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk stratification into the consideration for treatment of hypertension. This was a post hoc analysis of the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT). A total of 9361 nondiabetic patients without a history of stroke were randomly assigned to the intensive-treatment group (with an SBP target of <120 mm Hg) and the standard-treatment group (with an SBP target of <140 mm Hg). The patients were categorized into four groups based on the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) risk score. The groups contained participants with ASCVD < 7.5%, 7.5% ≤ ASCVD <10%, 10% ≤ ASCVD < 15%, and ASCVD ≥ 15%. The incidence of the primary outcome, secondary outcome, and serious adverse events was compared between the two groups. The primary outcome was a composite of nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), acute coronary syndrome (ACS) not resulting in MI, stroke, acute decompensated heart failure (HF), or death from cardiovascular causes. The secondary outcomes consisted of the individual components of the primary outcome and all-cause death. Intensive blood pressure (BP) control significantly reduced the incidence of primary outcome event in patients with 10% ≤ ASCVD < 15% (hazard ratio (HR) 0.593; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.361–0.975; P = 0.039) and ASCVD ≥ 15% (HR 0.778; CI 0.644–0.940; P = 0.009). Intensive BP control was also beneficial for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with an ASCVD risk of 7.5–10% (HR 0.187; 95% CI 0.040–0.862; P = 0.032). However, intensive treatment was associated with higher incidence of hypotension and acute renal failure in participants with ASCVD ≥ 15%. In patients without diabetes mellitus and prior stroke who had a 10-year risk of cardiovascular events above 10% based on the ASCVD risk score, intensive BP control played an important role in the reduction of major cardiovascular events. Additionally, intensive treatment would be beneficial for primary prevention in patients with ASCVD ≥ 7.5% without previous history of any cardiovascular disorders. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov number; the trial is registered with NCT01206062

Who is sleeping more efficient? Patients on peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis

Sleep disorder, a common complaint among patients with the end-stage renal disease can affect most aspects of life. Therefore, we aimed to compare sleep quality of patients with peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD). This cross-sectional study was conducted on patients on dialysis who were referred to three major centers of Shiraz. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to compare sleep quality between patients on PD and HD. We also assessed some baseline characteristics to find out if they were independent predictors of sleep quality. Spearman correlation coefficients, one and two sample t-test, Chi-square, or Fisher's exact test were used to analyze the data. P 0.05). On the other hand, the prevalence of sleep disturbance in HD patients (70.1%) was significantly higher than PD patients (35.9%), (P <0.001). HD patients had a higher rate of poor sleep quality than PD patients. Further studies are necessary to investigate the causes of poor quality of sleep in these patients and also to investigate methods to improve sleep quality in this population