Wpływ terenowych lekcji wychowania fizycznego, płci i miejsca zamieszkania na wydolność i sprawność fizyczną dzieci szkół podstawowych

The search for new methods of increasing the efficiency of physical education school lessons is of great importance. The reason for it frequently confirmed in the literature, is a lack of increase of pupils’ skills, both in physiological and mental area. Thus, we should highlight the need of pedagogical intervention on all stages of school education.The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of selected individual and environmental conditions, e.g. gender, area of exercises and places of residence on physical endurance and fitness of children in school age.The research method was a natural experiment, the main assumption of which was to organize  physical education lessons mostly outdoor during the period of two years of experiment duration. Research included 203 primary school children – 102 boys and 101 girls. The experimental group that conducted approximately 65% of lessons outdoor, included 86 pupils. The control group included 117 pupils who exercised the same number of lessons usually indoor (in school rooms). 113 pupils came from urban areas and 90 – from rural areas. To test physical abilities of children International Test of Physical Fitness and Cooper’s test were used. We also determined Fitness Index and Index of Restitution Efficiency.Lessons conducted outdoor positively influenced speed, jumping ability and endurance of children. The results of Index of Restitution Efficiency were improved and the increase of oxygen consumption was observed. Boys demonstrated better endurance and to lower extent better physical fitness as compared with girls. Place of residence was the factor of the lowest significance.We confirmed the need of organizing physical education classes outdoor. Contact with nature has been shown to be an advisable form of human activity, especially in period of persistent ecological threads of health.Analiza nowych metod zwiększania efektywności lekcji wychowania fizycznego ma doniosłe znaczenie. Przyczyną tego jest wielokrotnie wzmiankowany w literaturze brak progresu umiejętności uczniów, zarówno na płaszczyźnie fizjologicznej jak i mentalnej. Dlatego wskazuje się na potrzebę interwencji pedagogicznych na wszystkich poziomach edukacji.Celem badań była ocena wpływu wybranych indywidualnych i środowiskowych warunków takich jak płeć, miejsce ćwiczeń czy miejsce zamieszkania na wydolność i sprawność fizyczną dzieci w wieku szkolnym.Metodą badawczą był eksperyment naturalny, którego głównym założeniem była organizacja lekcji wychowania fizycznego w terenie w czasie 2 lat trwania badań. Badaniami objęto 203 dzieci szkoły podstawowej – 102 chłopców i 101 dziewcząt. Grupa eksperymentalna realizująca 65% lekcji na otwartej przestrzeni, liczyła 86 uczniów. Grupa kontrolna w liczbie 117 uczniów realizowała taką samą liczbę lekcji w pomieszczeniach szkolnych. 113 uczniów pochodziło z obszarów miejskich, a 90 – z wiejskich. Do testowania sprawności i wydolności wykorzystano Międzynarodowy Test sprawności Fizycznej oraz test Coopera. Wyznaczono również indeks sprawności i wskaźnik skuteczności restytucji.Lekcje organizowane w terenie otwartym wpłynęły pozytywnie na szybkość, skoczność i wytrzymałość dzieci. Poprawie uległ wskaźnik skuteczności restytucji i zaobserwowano zwiększenie poboru tlenu. Chłopcy wykazali większą wytrzymałość i w nieco mniejszym stopniu także wyższy poziom sprawności fizycznej w porównaniu z dziewczętami. Czynnikiem o najmniejszym znaczeniu okazało się miejsce zamieszkania.Należy potwierdzić potrzebę organizacji terenowych lekcji wychowania fizycznego. Kontakt z przyrodą wydaje się być wskazaną formą aktywności człowieka, szczególnie w dobie utrzymujących się ekologicznych zagrożeń zdrowia

Analysis of DRD2 Gene Polymorphism in the Context of Personality Traits in a Group of Athletes

The presented study showed the relationship between dopamine receptor gene polymorphism and personality traits in athletes training in martial arts. Behavioral modulation resulting from a balance of the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine to inactivation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dysregulation of various pathways involved in attention and impulse control processes; Methods: The study was conducted among martial arts athletes. The study group included 258 volunteers and 284 controls. The genetic test was performed using the real-time PCR method; psychological tests were performed using standardized TCI questionnaires. All analyses were performed using STATISTICA 13. Results: Interaction between martial arts and DRD2 rs1799732 (manual) G/-(VIC/FAM)-ins/del and RD- Harm avoidance and Reward Dependence scale were demonstrated. In athletes, a lower Reward Dependence scale score was associated with the DRD2 rs1799732 (manual)-/-polymorphism compared to the control group. Conclusions: It seems justified to study not only genetic aspects related to brain transmission dopamine in martial arts athletes. In the studied athletes, the features related to reward addiction and harm avoidance are particularly important in connection with the dopaminergic reward system in the brai

Robot-assisted Radical Prostatectomy Using Single-port Perineal Approach: Technique and Single-surgeon Matched-paired Comparative Outcomes

Background: Radical perineal prostatectomy (RPP) has been revived with the advent of single-port (SP) robotic surgery. However, its interest and precise role need to be evaluated and better defined. Objective: To describe in detail the technique of SP-RPP and compare initial perioperative outcomes with those of multiport robot-assisted transperitoneal radical prostatectomy (MP-RARP). Design, setting, and participants: From October 2018 to June 2020, perioperative data of 26 consecutive patients who underwent SP-RPP for localized prostate cancer (PCa) in a single institution were prospectively entered into an institutional review board-approved database. Data of 86 consecutive patients treated from September 2017 to September 2018 with MP-RARP by the same surgeon, before the beginning of the SP experience, were used as comparators. Surgical procedure: SP-RPP was performed using the SP robotic platform (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) according to the technique described in the supplementary video. Measurements: Demographics, and intra- and postoperative data were analyzed in a matched-paired design with a 1:1 ratio on the following factors: age at surgery, prostatespecific antigen level, preoperative Gleason score, and history of abdominal surgery. Results and limitations: After matching, baseline characteristics were comparable except for the rate of prior laparotomy, which was higher in the SP-RPP group (52% vs 8%, p < 0.001). In the SP-RPP group, 84% of the patients had a high risk and an unfavorable intermediate risk of positive surgical margins (PSMs) versus 57% in the MPRARP group (p = 0.03). While the rate of nonlimited PSMs (ie, >3 mm) was higher in the SP-RPP group (38.5% vs 7.7%, p < 0.01), the number of patients with biochemical recurrence at 1 yr was comparable between SP-RPP and MP-RARP (1 vs 3, p = 0.3). Conclusions: SP-RPP is a complex procedure for patients with a complex surgical history and high-risk localized PCa with limited alternative therapeutic options. Patient summary: Our study suggests that patients with high-risk localized prostate cancer and limited treatment options due to a complex abdominal surgical history (ie, frozen pelvis) may be suitable candidates for single-port radical perineal prostatectomy. (C) 2020 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

?valuation multicentrique internationale de la n{'e}phrectomie partielle robot-assist{'e}e par rapport {`a} la n{'e}phrectomie partielle ouverte~: {'e}tude IRON

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Contemporary Techniques of Prostate Dissection for Robot-assisted Prostatectomy

Background: Over the years, several techniques for performing robot-assisted prostatectomy have been implemented in an effort to achieve optimal oncological and functional outcomes. Objective: To provide an evidence-based description and video-based illustration of currently available dissection techniques for robotic prostatectomy. Design, setting, and participants: A literature search was performed to retrieve articles describing different surgical approaches and techniques for robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) and to analyze data supporting their use. Video material was provided by experts in the field to illustrate these approaches and techniques. Surgical procedure: Multiple surgical approaches are available: extraperitoneal, transvesical, transperitoneal posterior, transperitoneal anterior, Retzius sparing, and transperineal. Surgical techniques for prostatic dissection sensu strictu are the following: omission of the endopelvic fascia dissection, bladder neck preservation, incremental nerve sparing by means of an antegrade or retrograde approach, and preservation of the puboprostatic ligaments and dorsal venous complex. Recently, techniques for total or partial prostatectomy have been described. Measurements: Different surgical approaches and techniques for robotic prostatectomy have been analyzed. Results and limitations: Two randomized controlled trials evaluating the extraperitoneal versus the transperitoneal approach have demonstrated similar results. Level I evidence on the Retzius-sparing approach demonstrated earlier return to continence than the traditional anterior approach. The question whether Retzius-sparing RARP is associated with a higher rate of positive surgical margins is still open due to the intrinsic bias in terms of surgical expertise in the available comparative studies. This technique also offers an advantage in patients who have received kidney transplantation. Retrospective evidence suggests that the more the anatomical dissection (eg., more periprostatic tissue is preserved), the better the functional outcome in terms of continence. Yet, two randomized controlled trials evaluating the different techniques of dissection have so far been produced. Partial prostatectomies should not be offered outside clinical trials. Conclusions: Several techniques and approaches are available for prostate dissection during RARP. While the Retzius-sparing approach seems to provide earlier return to continence than the traditional anterior transperitoneal approach, no technique has been proved to be superior to other(s) in terms of long-term outcomes in randomized studies. Patient summary: We have summarized available approaches for the surgical treatment of prostate cancer. Specifically, we described the different techniques that can be adopted for the surgical removal of the prostate using robotic technology