Spatial Dynamics And Risks Analysis Of Lowlands Degradation Potential Around Of Nakanbé-Dem Sub-Watershed In Center-Nord Of Burkina Faso (West Africa): Through Multi-Date Study And Satellite Tele-Analysis

Watershed degradation is a key issue for environmental change in the Sahel region and causes an unprecedented threat to the lowlands watershed and the livelihood of local people. This study analyzes the spatial dynamics and degradation risks of Nakanbé-Dem sub-watershed lowlands’potential. The study combines lowlands plants species assessment and digital processing. Lowlands spatio-temporal dynamics were assayed from landsat images of 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2016. Vegetation data and soil physical and chemical parameters allowed to characterize lowlands degradation states. Lowlands degradation risk assessment is based on flora analysis and remote sensing indices (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Normalized Difference Water Index, slope values and water accumulation zones). Spatio-temporal dynamics analysis between 1986 and 2016 showed a continuous degradation of Nakanbé-Dem lowlands potential. The coverage of farming land increased from 31 to 51% compared to the total lowland potential of 43320 ha. The riparian formations have decreased by 4.11% in the same period. As concerns the lowland beds, their coverage rate has continuously decreased from 24% in 1986 to 7.79% in 2016. The coverage rate of water bodies has not kept a linear evolution. It went from 2.27 to 2.62%, a slight increase of 0.35%. Soil and flora samples were taken from the three lowland geomorphological subunits: glacis, hillside and the central zone. Soil analyze concerned the following parameters: useful watercontent, saturation rate, carbon, nitrogen, potassium and bulk density. Flora parameters analyzed are: woody cover, density of regeneration individuals, tree density, quadratic diameter, tree height, ligneous plants species richness, herbaceous species richness. These different measurements have been taken on the glacis, hillside and central zone. Flora and soils analysis showed difference in lowlands topographic structures. Unlike hillside and glacis, their central zone is less degraded. It is characterized by an average specific richness of woody plants about 3.43% against 3.13 % for hillsides and 2. 44 % for glacis. Tree average density (129.29 in/ha), the number of trees large diameter (118. 55 in/ha) and woody cover (61.79 %) are higher in the central zone than on the hillsides and glacis. From Pedological aspects, central zone is characterized by a concentration great of organic matter (1.49%) (great rate of carbon and nitrogen) against 0.89 for glacis and 0.90 for hillsides. The useful water content (19.75 %) and the saturation rate (64.85) in the central zone are great. These values are low on the glacis (9.36 and 63,77) and hillsides (12.17 and 59.66).In the current context of persistent climatic pressure, the conquering of new farms will accelerate the growth of cropped acreages and increase the degradation risk of lowlands’ potential. Lowlands’ dynamic apprehension can serve as a basis of development and endogenous programs implementation to restore sub-watershed lowland’ potential

Molecular characterization of Bacillus, lactic acid bacteria and yeast as potential probiotic isolated from fermented food

Spontaneous fermentation or traditional method of preserving indigenous foods using several microorganisms, is frequently practiced in the marginal world. Fermented seeds and milk are mostly consumed in the form of food condiments and desserts in Africa, Asia and others parts of world. Our previous studies deal with the production of Bacteriocin-Like Inhibitory Substances by Bacillus from fermented food and quality of fermented milk consumed in Burkina Faso. The rep-PCR and sequencing were used to characterize thirty eights strains isolated various fermented foods from Burkina Faso. Phylogenetic tree were constructed by the neighbour-joining method based on 16S or 26S rRNA genes sequences using MEGA X. Based on colonies characteristics and cells morphology, biochemical tests and gene sequencing, the isolates were identified as Bacillus cereus sensu lato (13), Bacillus pumilus group (03) with one strain (LCG1) presumed LAB was identified as Bacillus australimaris or Bacillus pumilus by 16S rRNA sequencing, Enterococcus durans (03), Lactobacillus paracasei (03), Lactobacillus plantarum (04), Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides (01), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (04), Kluyveromyces marxianus (01), Candida tropicalis (01), Pichia kudriavzevii (01), Clavispora lusitaniae (02), Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (01) and, Cyberlindnera fabianii (01). Several microorganisms with potential technological interest are housed in fermented foods from Burkina Faso. These microorganisms are responsible for the fermentation of food through their enzymatic activity, leading to production of fermented food with desirable organoleptic characteristics, improved food safety, the enrichment of nutrients and the promotion of health of consumers

Rapid-deployment aortic valve replacement in high-risk patients: A case-control study

Introduction: Aortic valve stenosis is the most frequent cardiac valve pathology in the western world. In high-risk patients, conventional aortic valve replacement (C-AVR) carries high rates of morbidity and mortality. In the last few years, rapid-deployment valves (RDV) have been developed to reduce the surgical risks. In this work, we aimed to compare the mid-term outcomes of rapid-deployment AVR (RD-AVR) with those of the C-AVR in high-risk patients. Methods: This retrospective case-control study identified 23 high-risk patients who underwent RD-AVR between 12/2015 to 01/2018. The study group was compared with a control group of 46 patients who were retrospectively selected from a database of 687 C-AVR patients from 2016 to 2017 which matched with the study group for age and Euro SCORE II. Results: RD-AVR group presented more cardiovascular risk factors. Euro SCORE II was higher in the RD-AVR group (P=0.06). In the RD-AVR group, we observed significantly higher mean prosthetic size (P<0.001). In-hospital mortality was zero in RD-AVR group versus 2 deaths in C-AVR group. Hospital stay was longer in the RD-AVR group with statistical significance (P=0.03). In the group AVR with associated cardiac procedures, while comparing subgroups RD-AVR versus C-AVR, early mean gradient was lower in the first cited (P=0.02). The overall mean follow-up was 10.9 ± 4.3 months. Conclusion: The RD-AVR technique is reliable and lead to positive outcomes. This procedure provides a much larger size with certainly better flow through the aortic root. It is an alternative to C-AVR in patients recognized to be surgically fragile

Spread and antibiotic resistance profile of pathogens isolated from human and hospital wastewater in Ouagadougou

Background: The discharge of improperly treated hospital landfill presents an enormous public health risk. In Burkina Faso, the management of hospital’s wastewaters and the current antibiotic susceptibility of clinically relevant isolates need to be determined, because the multi-drug resistant isolates have been previously described in hospital settings. The aim of this study was to determine antibiotic resistance profile of isolates circulating in Ouagadougou.Methods: The biochemical characterization of the isolates was carried out by tests from the API 20E test and completed with molecular characterization by simple PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined using the recommendations of CA-SFM 2019.Results: The hospital wastewaters do not undergo any treatment before been discharged into the environment. A total of 171 presumed isolates of Salmonella spp < /em>, Pseudomonas spp < /em>., and Escherichia coli were identified in this study. These isolates derived from environment (n=19) and clinical (n=152). These isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (95.32%), Cefoxitin (72.51%), Ceftazidime (78.94%), Cefepime (80.71%), Tobramycin (59.64%), Gentamicin (42.10%), Nalidixic acid (68.42%), Norfloxacin (59.06%), Ciprofloxacin (56.14%), imipenem (0.00%), Chloramphenicol (26.31%), and Colistin (77.77%). Somewhere else, 46 presumptive Staphylococcus aureus were resistant to Vancomycin (30.43%), Oxacillin (13.04%), Penicillin G (89.13%), Ceftriaxone (15.21%), Cefoxitin (2.73%), Tobramycin (36.95%), Kanamycin (30.43%), Ciprofloxacin (15.21%), Norfloxacin (43.47%), Tetracycline (56.52%), Chloramphenicol (13.04%), and Fosfomycin (2.73%). Conclusion: the hospital wastewaters harbour a variety of pathogens, most of which are resistant to several families of antibiotics

Knowledge and practice of emergency contraception among female students of public university of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, West Africa

Background: Female students are exposed to unsafe sex, sources of unwanted pregnancy and abortions. It is recognized that emergency contraception can effectively prevent pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and practices of Ouagadougou public university students in relation to emergency contraception in order to propose solutions to reduce the proportion of unwanted pregnancies among female students.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted between May 1st and October 31st, 2016 in the public universities of Ouagadougou. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 732 students randomly selected.Results: The average age of female students was 22.7 years old. The age group 19 to 24 was the most represented (68.03%). Of the students surveyed, 87% knew or had heard of emergency contraception. The students only used the emergency contraceptive pill. The emergency contraceptive use rate was 44.42%. Approximately, 83% of users were aware of the delay in using emergency contraception. The reasons for using emergency contraception were condom breakage (25.10%) and unprotected sex (74.9%). Female students purchased the contraceptive directly in pharmacies (93.61%).Conclusions: Emergency contraception gives women a last chance to avoid an unwanted pregnancy after unprotected sex.  Awareness and free availability of emergency contraception (EC) could improve the reproductive health of female students

Profil épidémiologique de la Tuberculose, Sénégal, 2009-2018: Epidemiological profile of Tuberculosis, Senegal, 2009-2018

Introduction: Le fardeau de la tuberculose (TB) pose un grave problème de santé publique au Sénégal. Nous avons analysé les données de surveillance de la tuberculose pour décrire le poids et la tendance de la tuberculose au Sénégal. Méthodes: Nous avons effectué une analyse secondaire des données de surveillance de la tuberculose du 1er janvier 2009 au 31 décembre 2018 du programme national de lutte contre la tuberculose (PNT). Résultats: Au total, 128 836 cas de tuberculose toutes formes ont été analysées dont 67,42% de nouveaux cas de TB pulmonaire confirmée par microscopie. Les personnes âgées de 25-34 ans représentaient 29,66%. Le sex-ratio H/F était de 2,33. Dakar avait rapporté la plupart des cas 44,17%. L'incidence pour 100 000 habitants était de 91, 87 et 86 en 2009, 2008 et 2011, de 93, 95 et 95 en 2012, 2013 et 2014 et de 92, 86, 87 et 84 en 2015, 2016, 2017 et 2018. La majorité des cas (77%) avaient été testés pour le VIH, dont 6,84% co-infectés. Le taux de TB multirésistante (TB-MR) était de 11%. Conclusion: Au Sénégal, l'incidence de la tuberculose a légèrement diminué en raison du faible taux de détection qui était de 62% en 2018. Le nombre de cas détecté a augmenté entre 2013 et 2014, mais elle restait inférieure à celle estimée par l'organisation mondiale de la santé. Une surveillance accrue de la tuberculose et un suivi des tuberculeux pour éviter la pharmaco-résistance sont nécessaires. Introduction: The burden of tuberculosis (TB) is a serious public health problem in Senegal. We analysed TB surveillance data to describe the burden and trend of TB in Senegal. Method: We conducted a secondary analysis of TB surveillance data from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2018 from the national TB control programme (NTP). Results: A total of 128,836 cases of all forms of tuberculosis were analysed, of which 67.42% were new cases of microscopically confirmed pulmonary TB. Persons aged 25-34 years accounted for 29.66%. The sex ratio M/F was 2.33. Dakar reported most cases 44.17%. The incidence per 100 000 populations was 91, 87 and 86 in 2009, 2008 and 2011, 93, 95 and 95 in 2012, 2013 and 2014 and 92, 86, 87 and 84 in 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018. The majority of cases (77%) had tested positive for HIV, with 6.84% co-infected. The rate of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) was 11%. Conclusion: In Senegal, the incidence of TB has slightly decreased due to the low detection rate which was 62% in 2018. The number of detected cases increased between 2013 and 2014, but it remained below that estimated by the World Health Organization. Increased surveillance of TB and monitoring of TB patients to avoid drug resistance is needed. &nbsp

Maternal mortality by direct obstetric causes in an urban referral hospital: case of Boulmiougou District Hospital in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Background: Complications during pregnancy and childbirth are the leading causes of death and disability for women of childbearing age. Objective of this study was to study maternal mortality of direct obstetric origin at the Boulmiougou district hospital from 2010 to 2014.Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study of maternal deaths by direct obstetric cause at the maternity ward of Boulmiougou District Hospital during the period from January 1st 2010 to December 31st, 2014, i.e. 5 years.Results: The maternal mortality rate by direct obstetric cause of 147.68 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. The average age of the patients was 27.09 years old. The direct causes of maternal death were hemorrhage (47.06%), hypertensive disorders (20.59%), infections (14.71%) and unsafe abortion (11.76%). Contributing factors to maternal deaths were delay in evacuation (47.06%) and delay in care (38.23%).Conclusions: Maternal mortality remains high in the Boulmiougou District Hospital. To effectively combat maternal mortality, it is important to focus on the continuous training of staff and the strengthening of the technical platform

Complications du diverticule de Meckel (DM) chez l’adulte: à propos de 11 cas au CHU-Yalgado Ouédraogo au Burkina Faso

Le diverticule de Meckel (DM) est la persistance partielle du canal omphalomésentérique. Ses complications sont rares. Le diagnostic est le plus souvent per opératoire. L’objectif a été de décrire les complications du diverticule de Meckel chez l'adulte dans le service de chirurgie générale et digestive du CHU Yalgado Ouédraogo. Il s'est agi d'une étude transversale descriptive sur 10 ans (janvier 2004-décembre 2013) portant sur les dossiers des patients âgés de plus de 15 ans ayant présenté un DM compliqué. Durant la période d'étude, 11 cas ont été colligés. L'incidence annuelle a été de 11 cas. Nous avons noté une prédominance masculine avec un sex-ratio de 4,5. L'âge moyen des patients était de 29,8 ans. Le diagnostic préopératoire a été dans huit cas une occlusion intestinale aiguë, une appendicite aiguë dans deux cas, une péritonite aiguë généralisée dans un cas. Il a été diagnostiqué en peropératoire une occlusion intestinale dans neuf cas; une diverticulite dans un cas et un cas de perforation du DM. Tous les DM avaient été réséqués dont huit résections segmentaires iléales emportant le DM et trois résections cunéiformes. Tous les DM étaient situés à moins d'un mètre de la jonction iléo-caecale. L'histologie réalisée dans deux cas avait conclu à une diverticulite. Les suites opératoires ont été simples dans neuf cas, compliquées dans deux cas dont une éventration et un décès. Les complications du diverticule de Meckel sont rares. Le diagnostic préopératoire est difficile. Le traitement est essentiellement chirurgical.Pan African Medical Journal 2015; 2