Características físicas e sensoriais de Salame Tipo Italiano com adição de própolis

In this study, four formulations of Italian-type salami were prepared, being one antioxidant free (control), one containing synthetic antioxidant (BHT) and two containing propolis extract (0.01% and 0.05%). The samples were submitted to microbiological and sensorial analyses and texture and color profiles, besides the weight loss and the pH during the maturation period. The results showed weight loss of the formulations during maturation, indicating that the incorporation of propolis did not affect the drying process. The formulation with 0.01% propolis showed a more intense red color at the end of maturation compared with the others. The pH values varied between some samples as well as in relation to the maturation day. The addition of BHT accelerated the dehydration process of salami at the end of the maturation period, making it harder. The control formulations and that with 0.05% propolis added showed better results for the texture profile, although they did not differ from the others in relation to the texture during the sensorial test. The control formulation and that containing BHT showed the best results for purchase intent and preference. Moreover, all formulations presented certainty percentage of purchase above 70%, suggesting acceptance by consumers.No presente estudo foram elaboradas quatro formulações de salame tipo italiano, sendo uma isenta de antioxidante (controle), uma adicionada de antioxidante sintético (BHT) e duas contendo extrato de própolis (0,01% e 0,05%). As amostras foram submetidas a análises microbiológicas, sensoriais e perfil de textura e cor, além da perda de peso e o pH durante o período de maturação. Os resultados mostraram perda de peso das formulações durante a maturação, indicando que a incorporação da própolis não afetou o processo de secagem. A formulação adicionada de 0,01% de própolis apresentou coloração vermelha mais acentuada no final da maturação em comparação as demais. Os valores de pH variaram entre algumas amostras, bem como em relação ao dia de maturação. A adição de BHT acelerou o processo de desidratação do salame, deixando-o com maior grau de dureza. As formulações controle e aquela adicionada de 0,05% de própolis apresentaram melhores resultados para o perfil de textura, embora não tenham diferido das demais em relação ao atributo textura durante o teste sensorial. A formulação controle e a contendo BHT apresentaram os melhores resultados para intenção de compra e preferência. Por outro lado, todas as formulações apresentaram percentuais de certeza de compra acima de 70%, sugerindo aceitação por parte dos consumidores

Application and evaluation of propolis, the natural antioxidant in Italian-type salami

Summary This study aimed to characterize propolis with respect to its antioxidant activity and apply it to the elaboration of Italian-type salami. A propolis sample was collected and subjected to chemical and physicochemical characterization and its antioxidant capacity determined. Four salami formulations were developed: F1 (no antioxidants); F2 (addition of 0.01% BHT); F3 (addition of 0.01% propolis) and F4 (addition of 0.05% propolis). The salamis were evaluated with respect to their physicochemical properties and lipid oxidation. The characterization of the propolis showed a high level of waxes and low levels of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, although in sufficient quantity to prove their antioxidant activity. The Italian-type salamis showed moisture, protein and lipid contents which conformed to the limits preconized by Brazilian legislation. The F4 formulation (0.05% propolis) showed a better result when compared to the formulations F3 (0.01% propolis) and F1 (no antioxidant). However, formulation F2 (0.01% BHT) showed the lowest value of lipid oxidation. The results showed that propolis inhibits oxidative action and can be added to meat products as a natural antioxidant

Discovery of new risk loci for IgA nephropathy implicates genes involved in immunity against intestinal pathogens

We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of IgA nephropathy (IgAN), the most common form of glomerulonephritis, with discovery and follow-up in 20,612 individuals of European and East Asian ancestry. We identified six new genome-wide significant associations, four in ITGAM-ITGAX, VAV3 and CARD9 and two new independent signals at HLA-DQB1 and DEFA. We replicated the nine previously reported signals, including known SNPs in the HLA-DQB1 and DEFA loci. The cumulative burden of risk alleles is strongly associated with age at disease onset. Most loci are either directly associated with risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or maintenance of the intestinal epithelial barrier and response to mucosal pathogens. The geospatial distribution of risk alleles is highly suggestive of multi-locus adaptation, and genetic risk correlates strongly with variation in local pathogens, particularly helminth diversity, suggesting a possible role for host-intestinal pathogen interactions in shaping the genetic landscape of IgAN

Genome-wide association analyses define pathogenic signaling pathways and prioritize drug targets for IgA nephropathy

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is a progressive form of kidney disease defined by glomerular deposition of IgA. Here we performed a genome-wide association study of 10,146 kidney-biopsy-diagnosed IgAN cases and 28,751 controls across 17 international cohorts. We defined 30 genome-wide significant risk loci explaining 11% of disease risk. A total of 16 loci were new, including TNFSF4/TNFSF18, REL, CD28, PF4V1, LY86, LYN, ANXA3, TNFSF8/TNFSF15, REEP3, ZMIZ1, OVOL1/RELA, ETS1, IGH, IRF8, TNFRSF13B and FCAR. The risk loci were enriched in gene orthologs causing abnormal IgA levels when genetically manipulated in mice. We also observed a positive genetic correlation between IgAN and serum IgA levels. High polygenic score for IgAN was associated with earlier onset of kidney failure. In a comprehensive functional annotation analysis of candidate causal genes, we observed convergence of biological candidates on a common set of inflammatory signaling pathways and cytokine ligand-receptor pairs, prioritizing potential new drug targets

Genome-wide association analyses define pathogenic signaling pathways and prioritize drug targets for IgA nephropathy

: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is a progressive form of kidney disease defined by glomerular deposition of IgA. Here we performed a genome-wide association study of 10,146 kidney-biopsy-diagnosed IgAN cases and 28,751 controls across 17 international cohorts. We defined 30 genome-wide significant risk loci explaining 11% of disease risk. A total of 16 loci were new, including TNFSF4/TNFSF18, REL, CD28, PF4V1, LY86, LYN, ANXA3, TNFSF8/TNFSF15, REEP3, ZMIZ1, OVOL1/RELA, ETS1, IGH, IRF8, TNFRSF13B and FCAR. The risk loci were enriched in gene orthologs causing abnormal IgA levels when genetically manipulated in mice. We also observed a positive genetic correlation between IgAN and serum IgA levels. High polygenic score for IgAN was associated with earlier onset of kidney failure. In a comprehensive functional annotation analysis of candidate causal genes, we observed convergence of biological candidates on a common set of inflammatory signaling pathways and cytokine ligand-receptor pairs, prioritizing potential new drug targets

Genome-wide association analyses define pathogenic signaling pathways and prioritize drug targets for IgA nephropathy

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is a progressive form of kidney disease defined by glomerular deposition of IgA. We performed a genome-wide association study involving 10,146 kidney biopsy-diagnosed IgAN cases and 28,751 matched controls across 17 international cohorts. We defined 30 independent genome-wide significant loci jointly explaining 11% of disease risk. A total of 16 loci were novel, including TNFSF4, REL, CD28, CXCL8/PF4V1, LY86, LYN, ANXA3, TNFSF8/15, REEP3, ZMIZ1, RELA, ETS1, IGH, IRF8, TNFRSF13B and FCAR. The SNP-based heritability of IgAN was estimated at 23%. The polygenic risk of IgAN was associated with early disease onset and increased lifetime risk of end stage kidney failure. We observed a positive genetic correlation between IgAN and total serum IgA levels, allergy, tonsillectomy, and several infections, and a negative correlation with inflammatory bowel disease. Strikingly, all significant non-HLA loci shared with serum IgA levels had a concordant effect on the risk of IgAN. Moreover, IgAN loci were globally enriched in gene orthologs causing abnormal IgA levels when knocked out in mice. The explained heritability was enriched in the regulatory elements of cells from the immune and hematopoietic systems and intestinal mucosa, providing support for the pathogenic role of extra-renal tissues. In the comprehensive functional annotation analysis of candidate causal genes across genome-wide significant loci, we observed the convergence of biological candidates on a common set of inflammatory signaling pathways and cytokine ligand-receptor pairs, prioritizing potential new drug targets