Anti-viral RNA silencing: do we look like plants ?

The anti-viral function of RNA silencing was first discovered in plants as a natural manifestation of the artificial 'co-suppression', which refers to the extinction of endogenous gene induced by homologous transgene. Because silencing components are conserved among most, if not all, eukaryotes, the question rapidly arose as to determine whether this process fulfils anti-viral functions in animals, such as insects and mammals. It appears that, whereas the anti-viral process seems to be similarly conserved from plants to insects, even in worms, RNA silencing does influence the replication of mammalian viruses but in a particular mode: micro(mi)RNAs, endogenous small RNAs naturally implicated in translational control, rather than virus-derived small interfering (si)RNAs like in other organisms, are involved. In fact, these recent studies even suggest that RNA silencing may be beneficial for viral replication. Accordingly, several large DNA mammalian viruses have been shown to encode their own miRNAs. Here, we summarize the seminal studies that have implicated RNA silencing in viral infection and compare the different eukaryotic responses

Documentos para la compra y venta de mercancías

La cartilla relaciona algunos documentos para la compra y venta de mercancías del taller de ebanistería, explica cómo elaborar una factura de compra o venta de mercancías, describe que es un cheque posdatado, como diligenciarlo y su uso, define que es una letra de cambio, como tramitarla y efectuar operaciones comerciales con estaThe booklet lists some documents for the purchase and sale of goods in the cabinetmaking workshop, explains how to prepare an invoice for the purchase or sale of merchandise, describes what a postdated check is, how to fill it out and its use, defines it as a bill of exchange, how to process it and carry out commercial operations with thisLa factura -- La letra de cambio -- El cheque posdatado -- Autocontrol -- Respuestas -- Evaluación finaln

La mise en œuvre de la définition et de la protection par les DIREN

Présentation de la DIREN En tant que services extérieurs du ministère de l’Écologie et du Développement durable (MEDD) les 22 directions régionales de l’Environnement (DIREN) sont normalement très imprégnées de la notion de patrimoine. Créées en 1991, elles sont les descendantes en droite ligne des services des délégués régionaux à l’Architecture et à l’Environnement, qui avaient pris la place en 1979 des conservations régionales des Bâtiments de France, services régionaux du ministèr..

Manejo de comprobantes

La cartilla explica como diseñar y explicar los comprobantes de ventas de mercancías y los comprobantes de pagos y como describir y clasificar los comprobantes producto de la compra de materiales, cancelación de deudas, de honorarios y prestación de serviciosThe booklet explains how to design and explain the sales receipts of merchandise and the vouchers of payments and how to describe and classify the vouchers product of the purchase of materials, cancellation of debts, fees and provision of servicesComprobante de recibo de dineros -- Comprobante de salida -- Formas de registrar los comprobantes -- Otros tipos de comprobantesn

Estrategias pedagógicas alternativas como herramientas para los docentes en el proceso de formación conductual de niños y niñas en la Institución San José sede 3 de Sitio Nuevo Magdalena

Especialización en Estudios PedagógicosEsta investigación hizo referencia a la revisión de las estrategias que usamos los educadores para manejar o guiar los procesos de formación en el aula, en la Institución San José Sede 3 de Sitio Nuevo Magdalena, en el grado de tercero de primaria; ya que en dicha institución en repetidas ocasiones, se han manifestado las dificultades que como educadores tenemos para el manejo de conductas en los estudiantes. Teniendo en cuenta que la educación es una práctica social compleja, no solamente en la aplicación de metodologías o técnicas de enseñanza. Además se desarrolla en el marco de condiciones de producción social, tales como son los procesos de elaboración y/o transformación de relaciones socio-culturales. Y apoyados en la Ley 115 y su objetivo principal concebir la educación como “Un proceso de formación permanente, personal, cultural y social que se fundamenta en una concepción integral de la persona humana, de su dignidad, de sus derechos y deberes. El tipo de investigación es de carácter cualitativo, el enfoque utilizado en la investigación, es el etnográfico y el paradigma es el socio-crítico. Los resultados obtenidos nos arrojaron las siguientes conclusiones fueron que debido a la falta de actualización sobre este tema, los directivos no tienen claro que estrategias incorporar, para desarrollar un plan general que vaya encaminado al mejoramiento y manejo de la conducta de los educandos, los docentes que pertenecen al colegio tampoco cuentan con las actualizaciones necesarias para la aplicación de estrategias asertivas e innovadoras que procuren lograr mejoras conductuales, por lo tanto siguen el mismo derrotero del sistema de represión, que se ve reflejado en las actitudes que toman hacia los alumnos, en cuanto a los alumnos, se encontró que estos sólo conocen el sistema de represión, y la situación de los padres de familia no es diferente a los de otros actores, estos muchas veces por su poco conocimiento sobre las estrategias innovadoras que se podrían usar en el salón de clase y su tradicionalismo.This investigation was made to review the strategies that we the educators used to handle or to guide the formation processes in the classroom, in the Institution San Jose sede 3 de Sitio Nuevo Magdalena, using as reference of our investigation the third grade class of this school ; since this institution in repeated occasions, expressed their difficulties to handle the behavior of these children. Considering that education of social behavior is a complex practice, not only in the application of methodologies or techniques. In addition it is developed within the framework of conditions of social production, such as they are the processes of elaboration and/or transformation of social cultural relations. And supported by the 115 Law and its main target to conceive education as a “a permanent, personal, cultural and social formation process that is based on an integral conception of a human being , their dignity, their rights and duties. The way of investigation chosen has a qualitative character, the approach used in the investigation, is the ethnographic and the paradigm is the partner-critic. The results obtained threw the following conclusions, they were, that due to the lack of update in the teaching strategies in this subject, the directors do not know clearly what ideas to incorporate, to develop a general plan that goes directed to improve and to handle the behavior of the students, the teachers that belong to the school do not count with the necessary updates for the application of assertive and innovating strategies which try to obtain improvements in their behavior, therefore they follow their own course using the very little effective repression system, that reflects in the way that they approach the students. As for the students, these was the only way known a system of repression in which teachers have the absolute power and were a punishment is the only solution to the problem, and were the situation at home is not very different creating a hostile environment were the children feel threatened at all times which makes them react aggressively, these often caused by the little knowledge they have of innovating strategies that could be used in the class and its traditionalism

Costos de mano de obra

Cartilla que describe los costos de mano de obra en lo referente a realizar políticas de pagos justa, valorizar el trabajo sin excederse y mantener costos de producción que permitan comercializar el mueble dándole el precio justo a su propio trabajo.Importancia de calcular costos de mano de obra -- Como calcular los costos de mano de obra -- Ejercicios para estimar costos de mano de obranaCartillas del módulo “Costos de producción”: 1. Costos de materiales, 2. Costos de mano de obra, 3. Costos fijos y precio final del mueble, 4.Cómo disminuir costos de producción.33 página

Costos de materiales

Cartilla que describe cómo calcular los costos de madera en pie de tabla y en láminas, materiales de tapicería empleados, pegantes y pinturas.Cómo calcular los costos de madera -- Cómo calcular los costos de tapicería -- Costos de pintura, pegantes y puntillasnaCartillas del módulo “Costos de producción”: 1. Costos de materiales, 2. Costos de mano de obra, 3. Costos fijos y precio final del mueble, 4.Cómo disminuir costos de producción.37 página

Effect of isoflurane on skin-pressure-induced vasodilation.

Since general anesthesia has been shown to attenuate endothelium-dependent vasodilation, it was of interest to verify whether general anesthesia would modify skin vasodilation in response to local pressure application, which is endothelium dependent. To study the effect of general anesthesia on pressure-induced vasodilation development, we examined the effects of low- and high-dose isoflurane. Skin blood flow was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry during 11.1 Pa s(-1) increases in locally applied pressure in anesthetized rats treated with low or high doses of isoflurane. Following the administration of low doses of isoflurane, skin blood flow increased from baseline, with increasing local pressure application (+37 +/- 10% at 2.0 kPa). The increase in skin blood flow was absent in rats treated with high doses (-20 +/- 5% at 2.0 kPa), even when the anesthesia-induced hypotension was corrected by gelofusine infusion (-20 +/- 10% at 2.0 kPa). Whereas sodium-nitroprusside-induced vasodilation developed following low and high doses of isoflurane, acetylcholine-induced vasodilation was impaired with high doses compared to low doses. These data show that pressure-induced vasodilation is abolished with high doses of anesthetics. It is not the anesthesia-induced hypotension, but the depth of anesthesia, which can lead to the disappearance of pressure-induced vasodilation by an alteration in endothelial function

Costos fijos y precio final del mueble

Cartilla que suministra una serie de técnicas para trasladar al precio de venta de los muebles los gastos mensuales del taller los cuales se hacen más altos o bajos de acuerdo con la cantidad de muebles vendidos, Su utilidad radica en que definen las utilidades y las pérdidas del taller.Qué se consideran costos fijos -- Cómo se reparten los costos fijos -- Cómo se establece el precio de venta -- Cómo establecer una política de descuento -- Cómo calcular las ventas mínimasnaCartillas del módulo “Costos de producción”: 1. Costos de materiales, 2. Costos de mano de obra, 3. Costos fijos y precio final del mueble, 4.Cómo disminuir costos de producción.33 página

Effect of head-upright tilt on the dynamic of cerebral autoregulation.

The effect of head-upright tilting on the rate of cerebral autoregulation was studied in 12 healthy volunteers (nine men and three women; age range 20-36 years). The dynamics of cerebral autoregulation was determined from the rate of change in cerebral resistance (RoR) during a drop in arterial blood pressure induced by rapid deflation of a 3-min ischaemic thigh cuff and from the ratio of changes in cerebral blood flow and arterial blood pressure (CAI) during the recovery period after the drop in arterial blood pressure. The test was performed supine and with 40 degrees head-up tilt (40 degrees HUT). Middle cerebral artery mean blood flow velocity was measured by transcranial Doppler simultaneously with peripheral arterial blood pressure using Finapres. The thigh cuff deflation induced a larger drop in arterial pressure during 40 degrees HUT [median -28% (25 percentile -36, 75 percentile -19)] than in the supine position [-16% (-23, -15)] (P < 0.01) and in cerebral resistance [supine: -12% (-15, -6); 40 degrees HUT: -15% (-20, -12); P < 0.05]. There was no significant change in RoR [15% s-1 (12, 15)] and CAI [1.9 (1.5, 3.1)] measured supine and during 40 degrees HUT [RoR: 13% s-1 (12, 15); CAI: 1.3 (0.99, 1.9)]. During the drop in arterial pressure, the relationship between arterial blood pressure and systolic peak-to-peak interval exhibited an hysteresis loop, indicating a cardiopulmonary and/or baroreflex activation that was not observed with cerebral resistance. The rate of autoregulation is an intrinsic property of the cerebral vascular bed and is not affected by the vasodilator state in the range of arterial blood pressure changes induced by the tight cuff method