Strategic study on energy-protein requirements for local sheep: 4. Ewes during late pregnancy

Thirty-six Javanese thin-tail ewes were set out to study the energy and crude protein requirements for the last eight-week of pregnancy. The ewes were randomlly assigned to a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement and offered nine diets comprising three levels of energy (low, medium and high) and three levels of crude protein (low, medium and high) with four ewes per treatment. The diets were pelleted and offered four times daily at approximately in the same amount. Results showed that, despite a difference of energy concentration in the diets, dry matter intake was not significantly (P>0.05) affected, but crude protein concentration was (P<0.05). Energy concentration in the diet also had no effect (P>0.05) on protein intake. However, protein concentration in the diets significantly affected on protein intake and protein excreted in the feces. Moreover, an interaction between energy and protein levels was not detected on energy and nitrogen availability utilization. This study demonstrated that a high efficiency on nitrogen utilization could be achieved on low crude protein diets. It was also found that crude protein and energy requirements for maintanance during pregnancy phase were 0.67 g/kg BW0.75 and 0.425 MJ EM/kg BW0.75 respectively.   Key words: Protein-energy requirement, pregnancy phase, ewes

Use of Biochemical Indicators to Evaluate The Nutritional Status of Lactating Cows

ABSTRACT: Nutrient requirement is important to the annual, especially to cope with the physiological demands. Tropical countries face many problems of feeding management associated with animal production. Protein,energy and minerals (calcium and phosphorous) arc found in the blood and milk which can be collected in a simple manner and used to detect the nutritional status of the animal, These blood and milk constituents could be reliable biochemical indicators associated with production states of animals. The objective of this research is to study the correlation betwoen dry matter intake with milk productionJevels of blood calcium, phosphorous, protein,and milk calcium, phosphorous and protein and also urinary allantoin. Twelve lactating cows were davided randomly into 3 groups according to milk production. Group 1, 11 dan 111 produced 15 I, 10 1 and 5 1 of milk per day respectively. All animals were fed concentrate and elephant grass at a level calculated for a cow producing 10 I of milk per day as recomended by NRC (1988). Results showed that group 1,11 and 111 consumed respectively 14,9714.13 and 13.68 kg dry matter. There were deficiencies of calsiuni and phosphorous intakes in group I (4.81% and 636%) but not in the other groups. Milk production decreased in group 1 (38.6%) as compared to group I I,while production in group Ill increased by about 37.50%. Blood calcium and phosphorous concentrations increased in group III (12.6 % and 635 %). There was significant correlation between dry matter intake and milk production (1=0.7) but protein intake and urinary allautoin was not highly correlated. Key Words: Biochemical Indicators, Allantoin, Nutritional Statu

The effect of bursectomy on the production of serum antibody againts ndvaccine in the indonesian native chickens and white leghorn

Two groups of chickens were surgically bursectomized at 3 days of age. One week after the operation the experimental chickens were injected i.m. with ND vaccine starin La Sota. The 2nd injection was given 4 weeks after the ist injection. All injected chickens showewd an increase in HI-serum antibody titer. The response to the 2nd injection was higher than the ist The bursectomized animals showed lower HI antibody titer than the non busectomized after the ist injection, but a reverse response was observed after after the 2nd injection. Lymphocyte count showed a similar pattern as the HI antibody titer. Better responses were observed in the Indonesia native chicken compared to the white Leghorn. The increase of the serum globulin levels in both groups after the ist injection, the beta and gamma serum globulin levels in almost all injected chickens were elevated, except fot the bursectomized. White Leghorns, where the gamma globulin fraction was not increases

The reproductive of sheep production in Indonesia : a research project

The sheep seems to be a suitable and socio-economically acceptable animal for livestock production in Indonesia due its small and size and certain physiological characteristics of sheep whith say offer adventages for rearing over larger ruminants. The sheep population is however declining up to present. One way for improvement of sheep production has been attempted through crossbooring with imported breeds.A research project on certain aspects of sheep reproduction is discussed with omphasis on plasma reproduction hormonal levels, and with emphasis on plasma reproduction hormonal levels, and with the ultimate objective to rapidly increase the presently declining sheep population

The use of strawmix in cattle fattening ration

Two experiments were carried out to study the use of rice straw as the sole source of roughage in ration for cattle fattening. In each experiment 16 heads of young bulls, Frisian Holstein (FH), and Australian Commercial Cross (ACC). were arranged in completely randomized design with 4 different roughages as treatment criteria: (i) elephant grass as control, (ii) unprocessed rice straw, (iii) urea treated rice straw, (iv) CaO traated rice straw. No significant difference in weight gain among treatments in both experiments exist. In the firrst experiment the average daily gain (ADG) for treatment 1, 2, 3 and 4 was respectivelly 0.75, 0.78, 0.89, and 0.78 kg, while in the second experiment the ADG was respectively 0.51, 0.48, 0.71, and 0.62 kg per head per day. On the average the FH bulls performed superior gain of 0.80 kg/head/day while the ACC is moderate (0.58 kg/had/day). In the first experiment no significant difference in dry matter consumption among treatments obtained. In the second experiment the dry matter consumption of elephant grass was lower compared to strawmix. FH bulls show higher consumption of dry matter (3.1% of live weight), while the value of ACC bulls is only 2.5% live weight.  Feed efficiency is not statistically different among treatment in both experiments, namely 9.1, 8.0, 7.4 and 8.4 kg dry matter/kg ADG in the first experiment, and 13.9, 19.6, 11.8, and 14.8 dry matter/kg ADG in the second experiment. FH bulls show higher efficiency of 8.2% while ACC bulls is only 15.0%

ENERGY METABOLISM IN RELATION TO GRAZING ACTIVITY IN GROWING PRIANGAN SHEEP AS AFFECTED BY RATIONS

Animal activities can cause variation in energy utilization. The effect of concentrate supplementation on grazing activity compare with housing condition was studied, in relation to energy metabolism. Sixteen growing Priangan Sheep (15 kg) werw allotted into four groups, two groups were fed with mix native grass plus 500 g.d-1 of concentrate (C+N) and ad libitum of mox native grass only (N), in the house using individual pens, whereas other two group were fed as same as mention above but they spent for a half of day in grazing area. Concentrate ration contained 17.40 MJ.kg-1 of gross energy (GE) and 18.00% of crude protein (CP), while the mix native brass contained 14.00 MJ.kg-1 GE and 12.60% of CP. Sheep were fed at approximately two times a day, morning and afternoon, while water were given ad libitum. Grazing time was started from 08:00 am. to 17.00 p.m., after and before fed by concentrate. Energy balance were measured during a 7-d experimental period, which was preceded by a month adaptation period. Average daily gain (ADC), heat production (HP), metabolizable energy (ME) and retained energy (RE) were measured using balance trial, heart rate (HR) was monitored using Polar Sport Tester and urea space for body composition. Results showed that dry matter intake (DMI) were 3.5% from the body weight (BW) in all groups. The values of ME on sheep fed by concentrate were 5.02 and 6.70 MJ.d-1 for housing and grazing groups, respectively, which were significance difference (P<0.05) with sheep fed native grass only, 4.73 and 4.86 MJ.d-1 for housing and grazing group, respectively. Heat production for grazing groups tended to be higher than for those housing (P=0.08), and the data showed that percentage of HP/GE start from 31 till 43%. Values of ADG and RE of sheep fed concentrate were higher than for those without concentrate, whereas the values were 109, 50, 114 and 48g.d-1 and 1.22, 0.56, 1.28 and 0.54 MJ.d-1 for housing and grazing, with and without concentrate, respectively. Percentage of fat and protein were around 20.99 and 19.31%. There was a good correlation between HP and HR following the equation Y=2.36 + 0.059 X witk r= 0.88, where Y=HP and X=HR. There were significance differences for percentage of body compositions among the groups

Anthiypercholesterolaemic Activity of Zincophyllin

Pheophytin was obtained from chlorophyll that was extracted from fresh cassava leaves by use of ethanol. One hundred to 200 ppm of zinc was added to pheophytin to produce a complex of zinc-pheophytin (“zincophyllin”). The antihypercholesterolaemic effect of “zincophyllin” was studied in 20 male New Zealand White rabbits fed on a low-cholesterol (0.1%) diet for 12 weeks. Five animals were given 33.4 mg/d (doses I), 5 animals received 100.2 mg/d (doses II) of “zincophyllin”, 5 animals received standard diet as negative controls, and the remaining 5 animals served as cholesterol-fed controls (positive controls). Animal receiving dose Ii had significantly lower serum total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations. Positive control group and doses I group had significantly higher serum total cholesterol. Cholesterol concentration of group II slightly increased for 4 weeks, but decreased to normal until 12 weeks. Triglyceride concentration of all rabbits groups were in normal level, but LDL-cholesterol concentration of positive control group and doses I group were higher than others. It was suggested that the antihypercholesterolaemic effect of “zincophyllin” may benefit rabbits by inhibiting the increase of serum cholesterol concentration. Key words: Chlorophyll, pheophytin, “zincophyllin”, hypercholesterolaemi

The use of strawmix in cattle fattening ration

Two experiments were carried out to study the use of rice straw as the sole source of roughage in ration for cattle fattening. In each experiment 16 heads of young bulls, Frisian Holstein (FH), and Australian Commercial Cross (ACC). were arranged in completely randomized design with 4 different roughages as treatment criteria: (i) elephant grass as control, (ii) unprocessed rice straw, (iii) urea treated rice straw, (iv) CaO traated rice straw. No significant difference in weight gain among treatments in both experiments exist. In the firrst experiment the average daily gain (ADG) for treatment 1, 2, 3 and 4 was respectivelly 0.75, 0.78, 0.89, and 0.78 kg, while in the second experiment the ADG was respectively 0.51, 0.48, 0.71, and 0.62 kg per head per day. On the average the FH bulls performed superior gain of 0.80 kg/head/day while the ACC is moderate (0.58 kg/had/day). In the first experiment no significant difference in dry matter consumption among treatments obtained. In the second experiment the dry matter consumption of elephant grass was lower compared to strawmix. FH bulls show higher consumption of dry matter (3.1% of live weight), while the value of ACC bulls is only 2.5% live weight.  Feed efficiency is not statistically different among treatment in both experiments, namely 9.1, 8.0, 7.4 and 8.4 kg dry matter/kg ADG in the first experiment, and 13.9, 19.6, 11.8, and 14.8 dry matter/kg ADG in the second experiment. FH bulls show higher efficiency of 8.2% while ACC bulls is only 15.0%

The Effect of Bursectomy on the Production of Serum Antibody Againts Ndvaccine in the Indonesian Native Chickens and White Leghorn

Two groups of chickens were surgically bursectomized at 3 days of age. One week after the operation the experimental chickens were injected i.m. with ND vaccine starin La Sota. The 2nd injection was given 4 weeks after the ist injection. All injected chickens showewd an increase in HI-serum antibody titer. The response to the 2nd injection was higher than the ist The bursectomized animals showed lower HI antibody titer than the non busectomized after the ist injection, but a reverse response was observed after after the 2nd injection. Lymphocyte count showed a similar pattern as the HI antibody titer. Better responses were observed in the Indonesia native chicken compared to the white Leghorn. The increase of the serum globulin levels in both groups after the ist injection, the beta and gamma serum globulin levels in almost all injected chickens were elevated, except fot the bursectomized. White Leghorns, where the gamma globulin fraction was not increases

Uji radioimun untuk progesteron

A radioimmunoassay (RIA) for progesterone plasma of various animal species had been applied and validated in our laboratory. The method used antisera against 11 alpha hydroxy progesterone raised in goats (donated by Dr. L.E Edqvist, Sweden) in a 1:2000 dilution. A sensitivity of 10 pg/ml was obtained based on the readings for this concentration which was statistically different from a zeroconcentration (