Fluctuations in canal water supplies: a case study

Irrigation management / Water allocation / Canals / Water distribution / Water supply / Performance evaluation / Irrigated farming / Irrigation systems / Pakistan / Chishtian Sub-Division / Fordwah Distributary

Properties of Bipolar Fuzzy Hypergraphs

In this article, we apply the concept of bipolar fuzzy sets to hypergraphs and investigate some properties of bipolar fuzzy hypergraphs. We introduce the notion of $A-$ tempered bipolar fuzzy hypergraphs and present some of their properties. We also present application examples of bipolar fuzzy hypergraphs

Substituting Wood with Nonwood Fibers in Papermaking: A Win-Win Solution for Bangladesh

Bangladesh is facing an acute shortage of fibrous raw materials for the production of pulp and paper. On the other hand, the demand for paper and paper products is increasing day by day. This study reviews the availability and suitability of nonwood raw materials for pulp production in Bangladesh. It shows that Bangladesh has a huge amount of unused jute fiber, which is highly suitable for papermaking in Bangladesh. Other agricultural wastes like rice straw, dhaincha, golpata fronds, cotton stalks, corn stalks, and kash are also available and may be used for some pulp production. Given the different properties of these different nonwood fibers, jute pulp can be used as a reinforcing agent with other nonwood pulps for the production of high quality paper in Bangladesh.Bangladesh, natural fibers, jute, paper making, pulp

SGLT-2 Inhibitors: A Novel Mechanism in Targeting Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

OBJECTIVE: To review the chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, tolerability, dosing, drug interactions, and administration of canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin, and comparing the benefit and risk aspects of using these agents in the older adult diabetes patient population. DATA SOURCES, STUDY SELECTION, DATA EXTRACTION, AND DATA SYNTHESIS: A search of PubMed using the terms SGLT-2 inhibitors, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, efficacy, and tolerability was performed to find relevant primary literature on each of the sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors currently approved for use in type 2 diabetes. Phase III trials for all agents were included. All English-language articles from 2010 to 2015 appearing in these searches were reviewed for relevance to this paper. In addition, related articles suggested in the PubMed search were also reviewed. The SGLT-2 inhibitors have shown a reduction in hemoglobin A1c values and fasting plasma glucose levels with a low incidence of hypoglycemia. The incidence of mycotic infections is increased in patients taking an SGLT-2 inhibitor. CONCLUSION: SGLT-2 inhibitors may be a viable treatment option for patients not controlled on other oral agents. The risk of hypoglycemia is small. However, the clinical efficacy and tolerability of these agents has not been fully elucidated in older and frail patients

User Friendly Pashto Text Editor

Thousands of languages are spoken around the world; each language has its own importance in their community. Every community is trying to promote their language via writing books, newspapers, and poetry in their language. Pashto is one of the main languages of Pakistan, Afghanistan and about 60 million of Pashto speakers are dispersed around the world. Even Pashto is national and official language of Afghanistan. The importance of the Pashto language leads to introduce an application for Pashto language, just like a number of applications available for Urdu, English and even for all major languages of the world. In this paper we introduced an offline Pashto Editor “PashApp” for writing Pashto language and provide mark-ups facilities during writings after analyzing the drawbacks or the services not available in online or offline Pashto editors. We developed PashApp in Java. The application is analyzed by comparative analysis using the available Pashto editors and analyzed different features provided by PashApp using task based questionnaire. The study includes 20 Pashto speaking volunteers by simple random sampling technique. The comparative analysis of different available editors lead PashApp which is analyzed using task based questionnaire. The results show high user satisfactions for the features provided in the developed PashApp for Pashto language. The application is an offline editor available for free and covers all basic operations for writings of a language

Optical control of internal electric fields in band-gap graded InGaN nanowires

InGaN nanowires are suitable building blocks for many future optoelectronic devices. We show that a linear grading of the indium content along the nanowire axis from GaN to InN introduces an internal electric field evoking a photocurrent. Consistent with quantitative band structure simulations we observe a sign change in the measured photocurrent as a function of photon flux. This negative differential photocurrent opens the path to a new type of nanowire-based photodetector. We demonstrate that the photocurrent response of the nanowires is as fast as 1.5 ps

Context-Aware Personalized Activity Modeling in Concurrent Environment

Activity recognition, having endemic impact on smart homes, faces one of the biggest challenges in learning a personalized activity model completely by using a generic model especially for parallel and interleaved activities. Furthermore, inhabitant’s mistaken object interaction may entail in another spurious activity at smart homes. Identifying and removing such spurious activities is another challenging task. Knowledge driven techniques used for recognizing activity models are static in nature, lack contextual representation and may not comprehend spurious actions for parallel/interleaved activities. In this paper, a novel approach for completing the personalized model specific to each inhabitant at smart homes using generic model (incomplete) is presented that can recognize the sequential, parallel, and interleaved activities dynamically while removing the spurious activities semantically. A comprehensive set of experiments and results based upon number of correct (true positivity) or incorrect (false negativity) recognition of activities assert effectiveness of presented approach within a smart hom

Maternal obesity during pregnancy and premature mortality from cardiovascular event in adult offspring : follow-up of 1 323 275 person years

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Chemical Composition of Different Varieties of Linseed

The present study was conducted to investigate chemical composition of six varieties of linseed (Chandni, LS-29, LS-49, LS-70, LS-75 and LS-76). Proximate composition, mineral profile and cyanogenic glycosides (linamarin) were determined. Average proximate composition values for linseed i.e. crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash and nitrogen free extract were 24.18, 37.77, 4.78, 3.50 and 25.86%, respectively. Higher values of crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber and nitrogen free extract were observed in varieties LS-49, LS-70, LS-29 and Chandni, respectively. Average mineral contents in linseed i.e. Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cl, P, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were 0.39, 0.09, 1.41, 0.05, 0.08, 0.89, 4.67, 50.56, 8.29 and 13.55 ppm, respectively. Among micro minerals, varieties LS-29 and LS-70 were higher in Cu contents; LS-75 was higher in Fe content, while LS-49 was higher in Mn and Zn contents. Among macro minerals, level of Ca was higher in LS-70, levels of Mg, K and Na were higher in Chandni, while P was higher in LS-49. Average amount of linamarin in linseed was 31.05mg/100 gm DM. The variety LS-75 had the highest (35.22 mg/100 gm) linamarin content, while variety LS-70 had least (26.22 mg/100 gm) amount of linamarin. In conclusion, there is significant difference in chemical composition among linseed varieties. The varieties LS-49 showed higher crude protein content, LS-70 showed greater oil content, while LS-75 had higher content of linamarin

Geospatial techniques for assessment of bank erosion and accretion in the Marala Alexandria Reach of the River Chenab, Pakistan

Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are widely used for change detection in rivers caused by erosion and accretion. Digital image processing techniques and GIS analysis capabilities are used for detecting temporal variations of erosion and accretion characteristics between the years 1999 and 2011 in a 40 km long Marala Alexandria reach of River Chenab. Landsat satellite images for the years 1999, 2007 and 2011 were processed to analyze the river channel migration, changes in the river width and the rate of erosion and accretion. Analyses showed that the right bank was under erosion in both time spans, however high rate of deposition is exhibited in middle reaches. The maximum erosion was 1569843 m2 and 1486160 m2 along the right bank at a distance of 24-28 km downstream of the Marala barrage in the time span of 1999-2007 and 2007-2011, respectively. Along right bank mainly there is trend of accretion but erosion is much greater between 20 and 28 km reach. Maximum accretion was 5144584 m2 from 1999-2007 and 2950110 m2 from 2007-2011 on the right bank downstream of the Marala Barrage. The derived results of channel migration were validated by comparing with SRTM data to assess the accuracy of image classification. Integration of remote sensing data with GIS is efficient and economical technique to assess land losses and channel changes in large rivers