Strategic Thinking to Change Behavior and Improve Sanitation in Jodipan and Kesatrian, Malang, East Java, Indonesia

Greater access to sanitation in developing countries is urgent. However even though sanitation is crucial, overall budget for sanitation is limited. With this budget limitation, it is important to (1) allocate resources strategically to maximize impact and (2) take into account communal agency to potentially be a source for sanitation improvements. The Jodipan and Kesatrian Project in Malang, Indonesia is an interesting alternative for solving the sanitation problem in which resources were allocated strategically and communal agency was also observed. Although the projects initial goal was only to improve visually the situation in the slums, it became a new tourist destination, and the economic benefit that came with it had an effect also on the change of behavior of the residents and the government towards sanitation. It also grew from only including the Kesatrian Village to expanding to the Jodipan Village in the course of less than a year. To investigate the success of this project, in this paper a descriptive model will be used and data will be drawn from intensive interviews with the initiators of the project, residents affected by the project and government officials. In this research it is argued that three points mark the success of the project: (1) the strategic initial impact due to choice of location, (2) the influx of tourists that triggered behavioral change among residents and, (3) the direct economic impact which ensured its sustainability and growth by gaining government officials support and attention for more public spending in the area for slum development and sanitation improvement

Correlation Between Visual Improvement and Behavior Change of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Jodipan and Ksatrian Village, Indonesia

Indonesia, as a developing country, has many slum areas. Over the years, there have been many projects specifically targeting the improvement of slum areas, both at a national or regional level. One example of such project can be observed in Malang City, East Java, where visual improvements of a slum area is attempted by the application of colorfull paints throughout the settlements. Two of the initial projects are Jodipan and Ksatrian Village that are located on the riverside area of Brantas River, one of the biggest river in East Java. The original idea firstly came to Jodipan Village to improve the cleanliness of the area. As the Jodipan Village improved, this village became a local tourism area. Due to its success, the painting project was then adopted to the Ksatrian Village across the river. Before the project, the residents of the villages were used to throw their municipal solid waste to the river. Since the improvement projects ran, it has been found that the improvement can be linked to residents’ awareness for municipal solid waste management. This study focuses on the correlation of visual improvement and behavior change of municipal solid waste; and the differences between the correlations in each village (Jodipan and Ksatrian). A descriptive model was done by observation and questionnaire to the 48 residents of Jodipan Village and 69 residents of Ksatrian Village, with a tolerance for error of 0,1 and confidence level of 90%

風車発電時の最大風荷重と疲労荷重に関する研究

学位の種別: 課程博士審査委員会委員 : （主査）東京大学特任教授 山口 敦, 東京大学教授 石原 孟, 東京大学准教授 本田 利器, 東京大学准教授 長山 智則, 横浜国立大学教授 勝地 弘University of Tokyo(東京大学

Experimental Study of Wind Flow in a Street Canyon between High-Rise Buildings Using PIV

In recent years there have been several occasions of failure of non-buildings such as billboard towers and pedestrian bridges around high-rise areas in urban Indonesia. Most cases did not occur during any particular high-speed wind gusts but rather during normal wind speed. This research aimed to show the increase in wind load for structures built between high-rise buildings. A simplified cluster of 4 symmetrical high-rise building was investigated. The study used a wind tunnel and a Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) device in the experiment. Several angles of attack and also different distances between buildings were investigated to see the impact of these parameters on the wind flow between the buildings. Wind flow experiences an interaction flow in all central areas, which translates into an increase in speed. The change in distance between buildings changes the behavior of the flow in the cross area while a change in the angle of attack of the wind does not influence the amplification factor. The results show that there was an increase from 7 to 44% in wind speed due to the street canyons and that the highest amplification occurred with an angle of attack of 0°

Wind Gust Parameterization Assessment under Convective and Non-convective Events: A Case Study at the Kertajati International Airport

Wind gusts (gusts) are sudden increases in wind speed that potentially cause severe damage to infrastructure. Gusts occur within several seconds but numerical weather models typically predict future wind with a time step of tens of seconds or minutes. Therefore, a parameterization is needed to estimate gust. Gusts can be produced convectively and non-convectively depending on the presense of thunderstorm. The gust parameterization schemes may perform differently in both cases. In this study, five wind gust parameterization schemes were evaluated at the Kertajati International Airport. Based on simulations of three convective gust and three non-convective gust events using several evaluation metrics, we find that the best scheme for non-convectively driven gusts is the Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) scheme, while the Hybrid scheme performs best for convectively driven gusts. However, the performance of Hybrid scheme during non-convective event is not so far behind TKE scheme. The Hybrid scheme was developed to work on both non-convective and convective events and this capability is evidently shown. The result could be useful to develop mitigation measures for strong wind incident that frequently occurs in Indonesia

Numerical Modelling of Wind Flow In Street Canyon Between High-Rise Buildings with Angle of Attack Modifications

In fluid dynamics analysis, one of the things to do is to perform numerical modeling validated on the results of experimentation. In numerical modeling of wind flow there are several forms of modeling used including RANS, LES, DNS, etc. where the modeling has its own advantages and disadvantages. Among these models, RANS is a model that has the cheapest computer expense compared to other models so that it has the highest workability. Therefore, rans method testing (Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes) was conducted to determine the capability of turbulence models in checking wind speed contours on the road between 4 simple symmetrical tall buildings with 0o, 30o, and 45o attack an gles validated with the results of experimentation. This research was conducted using RANS modeling (Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes) and standard turbulence model k-ε and validated using Low Speed Wind Tunnel and PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry). According to the results of the test, U/Uo wind speed conditions obtained in wind modeling with RANS and k-ε standards have errors that are still acceptable

Experimental Studies of Wind Flow Inside a Street Canyon Between High-Rise Buildings with Angle of Attack Modifications

Failures of smaller structures located in between high-rise buildings due to wind have been observed. Further research on urban wind is needed o prevent further incidents. This research aims to investigate the wind flow in a street canyon of a cluster of 4 simplified symmetrical high-rise buildings with the angle of attack of 0o, 30o, and 45o. The study uses Particle Image Velocimeter (PIV) and Low Speed Wind Tunnel for the experiment. The results show that the flow at all angles can be defined as interaction flow, identified by two corner streams at the front passage entrance corner that interacts and merge into a single wide passage jet. The angle of attack changes the pattern of the flow in the cross-area. Before entering the passage, wind-blocking reduces the wind speed up to 40%. After entering the front building passage, its amplification rises to 6.9% above its original value at the angle of 0°, at the angle 30°, and 45° after entering it did not increase to its original value; the highest amplification rate occurred at 0o. At the angle of 30° and 45°, an extremely low wind speed region occurs in the cross area, which did not happen at 0°. It can be concluded that more complex patterns of building clusters lead to more vortex and turbulence in the cross area, which leads to decreasing speed. A “clashing point” from two flows (left and right passage) in its cross-section also leads to a higher turbulence rate in the cross area

Gaussian Process Regression for Seismic Fragility Assessment: Application to Non-Engineered Residential Buildings in Indonesia

Indonesia is located in a high-seismic-risk region with a significant number of non-engineered houses, which typically have a higher risk during earthquakes. Due to the wide variety of differences even among parameters within one building typology, it is difficult to capture the total risk of the population, as the typical structural engineering approach to understanding fragility involves tedious numerical modeling of individual buildings—which is computationally costly for a large population of buildings. This study uses a statistical learning technique based on Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) to build the family of fragility curves. The current research takes the column height and side length as the input variables, in which a linear analysis is used to calculate the failure probability. The GPR is then utilized to predict the fragility curve and the probability of collapse, given the data evaluated at the finite set of experimental design. The result shows that GPR can predict the fragility curve and the probability of collapse well, efficiently allowing rapid estimation of the population fragility curve and an individual prediction for a single building configuration. Most importantly, GPR also provides the uncertainty band associated with the prediction of the fragility curve, which is crucial information for real-world analysis