Probleminio mokymosi sistema: Mastrichto patirtis

Critical perceptions and implications of the problem-based learning are discussed from the point of view of the participant of Summer-course at the University of Maastricht. Problem-based learning is a relatively new form of instruction with a long intellectual history. This approach of learning emerged in conjunction with the cognitive revolution in psychology. University of Maastricht uses this non-traditional system from his very founding in 1976. The principles of problem-based learning can be summarized as following: prior knowledge activation and elaboration through small-group problem analysis; the construction of problem-oriented semantic networks, including contextual cues derived from professionally relevant problems; and the fostering of epistemic curiosity. A number of studies provide empirical support for the assumptions underlying problem-based learning. The „seven jump" is an obligatory procedure for the analysis of each problem. Besides the professional knowledge and skills, the group discussion provides with the skills of more free communication.Aptariamos svarbios įžvalgos bei probleminio mokymosi sistemos pritaikymo būdai, remiantis vasaros kursų Mastrichto universitete dalyvio patirtimi. Probleminio mokymosi sistema yra palyginti nauja mokymo forma, turinti ilgą intelektinę istoriją. Šis požiūris išryškėjo kartu su kognityvine revoliucija psichologijoje. Mastrichto universitetas rėmėsi šia netradicine mokymo sistema nuo pat savo įkūrimo pradžios 1976 metais. Pagrindiniai probleminio mokymo principai yra: ankstesnių žinių aktyvavimas ir plėtojimas, pasitelkiant problemų analizę mažose grupėse; į problemą orientuotų semantinių ryšių kūrimas; ir episteminio smalsumo puoselėjimas. Keletas tyrimų, kurie empiriškai pagrindžia probleminio mokymosi sistemos prielaidas. Neskaitant profesinių žinių ir įgūdžių, grupinės diskusijos įgūdžius, reikalingus laisvesnei komunikacijai

Kognityvinio funkcionavimo ir depresiškumo ryšys sergant išsėtine skleroze: Trumpo daugiakarčio neuropsichologinių testų rinkinio taikymas Lietuvoje

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorder that affects primarily the cerebral white matter, thereby causing both physical and psychological disability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between cognitive function and depression severity in MS patients, as well as sensitivity and specificity characteristics of the BRBNT (The Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests). We investigated 41 MS patients and 52 healthy people.Forty-one controls were selected from fifty-two healthy subjects and were individually matched with MS subjects for age, gender and education. BRBNT (Rao and Peyser, 1986) was designed for measuring verbal learning, visuospatial learning, sustained attention and concentration, information processing speed and verbal fluency cognitive functions. The B version of the BRBNT was translated and used in our study. Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II) (Beck, 1996) was used for the evaluation of depression severity.Results of our study confirmed that depression severity was associated with verbal learning: Consistent Long Term Retrieval and the Delayed Recall significantly negatively related to depression severity. The relationship between information processing speed and depression severity was also negative, but not statistically significant. The five individual BRBNT tests separately did not significantly discriminate healthy controls from MS patients; however, when all the five BRBNT tests put together we found 100% sensitivity of and 100% specificity.Our findings lead to the conclusion that neuropsychological testing is important in organizing help strategies for MS patients. BRBNT is a sensitive measure of cognitive function in MS, and may assist with differential diagnosis. Similarly, BRBNT could well be applied to other groups of patients, whose illness results in physical and/or cognitive functional limitations.Nors susirgus išsėtine skleroze (IS) 40–70% žmonių sutrinka kognityvinis funkcionavimas, o depresija taip pat dažnai lydi IS (nustatoma 27–54% sergančiųjų), duomenys apie jų sąryšį gana prieštaringi. Straipsnyje analizuojamas kognityvinio funkcionavimo ir depresiškumo ryšys sergant išsėtine skleroze ir Trumpo daugiakarčio neuropsichologinių testų rinkinio (BRBNT) taikymo galimybės. Tyrime dalyvavo 41 žmogus, sergantis IS, ir 52 sveiki asmenys. Kognityvinėms funkcijoms vertinti buvo išversta ir naudojama BRBNT B versija (Rao and Peyser, 1986). Depresiškumui vertinti buvo taikomas Becko depresijos inventarijus (BDI-II). Gauti rezultatai rodo, jog sergančiųjų IS verbalinis išmokimas yra neigiamai susijęs su depresiškumu: depresiškumas statistiškai reikšmingai koreliuoja su pastovaus ilgalaikio atgaminimo rodikliais ir su ilgalaikiu atgaminimu po tam tikro uždelsimo laikotarpio, tačiau hipotezė, jog egzistuoja ryšys tarp informacijos apdorojimo greičio ir depresiškumo, nepasitvirtino. Klasifikuojant tiriamuosius į sveikus ir sergančius IS, gautas 100% BRBNT jautrumas, taip pat 100% specifiškumas

Pagyvenusių žmonių suicidinės rizikos veiksnių įvertinimas

The suicide rate is increasing in Lithuania, therefore it is very important to estimate the reasons of suicides in the target age groups. The aim of this study was to appraise the social environment, chronic illness and some demographic characteristics as the suicidal risk factors in elderly. The suicidal risk was assessed by Purpose in Life Test, Beck Hopelessness Scale, Chronic Illness Problem Inventory and a Semi-structured interview. Sixty chronically ill subjects from 60 to 80 years old were assessed, 30 of them residing privately or with their families, and other 30 - in governmental institutions for the care of elderly. The suicidal risk in the elderly was estimated as high. Various chronic illnesses caused problems in daily and social activity, interrupted relationships with family members and friends. Elderly residing in boarding houses experienced significantly lower feeling of the purpose in life, higher hopelessness level and more severe psychosocial problems. Singleness, absence of children and/or grandchildren decreased the psychological well-being and enhanced suicidal risk in elderly, especially those residing in boarding houses.Savižudybių skaičius Lietuvoje auga, todėl itin svarbu įvertinti savižudybės priežastis tikslinėje grupėje. Tyrimo tikslas buvo įvertinti socialinę aplinką, lėtines ligas ir kai kuriuos demografinius kintamuosius, kaip suicidinės rizikos faktorius tarp senyvo amžiaus žmonių. Suicidinė rizika buvo matuojama Gyvenimo tikslo testu, Becko beviltiškumo skale, Lėtinių ligų sunkumų klausimynu ir pusiau struktūruotu interviu. Tyrime dalyvavo 60 tiriamųjų, kurių amžius buvo nuo  60 iki 80 metų, 30 jų gyveno vieni ar su šeima, o kiti 30 – visuomeniniuose senyvo amžiaus žmonių slaugos namuose. Senyvo amžiaus žmonių grupėje suicidinė rizika buvo įvertinta kaip aukšta. Įvairios lėtinės ligos kėlė sunkumus kasdienėje ir socialinėje veikloje, trukdė bendravimui su artimaisiais ir draugais. Reikšmingai mažesnis gyvenimo tikslo jausmas, aukštesnis beviltiškumo lygis ir gilesnės psichosocialinės problemos pastebėtos tarp gyvenančių pensionatuose. Vienišumas, vaikų ir/ar anūkų nebuvimas kenkė psichologinei gerovei ir didino suicidinę riziką senyvo amžiaus žmonėms, ypač gyvenantiems pensionatuose

NEĮGALIŲJŲ PROFESINIS ORIENTAVIMAS KAIP PROFESINĖS REABILITACIJOS PASLAUGA

Vocational guidance and consultation constitute an important part of the vocational rehabilitation system for disabled people in Lithuania. Since 2005, the Valakupiai Rehabilitation Centre has been providing complete vocational rehabilitation services for people with various disabilities. Now, it is responsible for elaborating and introduction of a qualitative and evidence-based service methodology in Lithuania, corresponding to the status of a methodological centre. Vocational rehabilitation for disabled people consists of five parts: (1) analysis of motivation for vocational training and personality characteristics; (2) consultation in vocational mindedness, fitness ,and planning of vocational career; (3) supplying information on the possibilities of vocational training and placement; (4) probation of vocational skills; (5) helping a person to choose or change the specialty according to his/her individual characteristics (interests, abilities, disposition), specifity of a profession, and possibilities of training and placement.The aim of the research was to evaluate the effectiveness of vocational guidance service at the Valakupiai Rehabilitation Centre in relation to the later vocational training and placement. Data on 109 persons from the 2010–2011 vocational rehabilitation program, including the follow-up, have been analyzed. The results showed high rates in vocational training and placement, following vocational guidance and other vocational rehabilitation services. The most remarkable result was the relation obtained between the later vocational training and placement to motivation and belief in personal abilities to get a job, but not to the level of disability itself. Recommendations of the study stress the importance of the the motivation enhancement tools in the vocational guidance of people with disabilities.docentė socialinių mokslų (psichologija) daktarėVilniaus universiteto Klinikinės ir organizacinės psichologijos katedraUniversiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 VilniusTel. (8-5) 266 7605El. paštas: [email protected]ų reabilitacijos centrasVyr. psichologėVaidilutės g. 69, LT-10100 VilniusTel. (8-5) 247 7545El. paštas: [email protected]ų reabilitacijos centrasDirektorėVaidilutės g. 69, LT-10100 VilniusTel. (8-5) 247 7544El. paštas: [email protected] neįgaliųjų socialinės integracijos politiką, 2005 m. Lietuvoje pradėta teikti kompleksinė profesinės reabilitacijos paslauga, apimanti neįgaliųjų profesinį orientavimą. Paslaugų kokybei užtikrinti Valakupių reabilitacijos centras, turintis metodinio centro statusą, rengia ir diegia profesinio orientavimo ir konsultavimo metodiką, skirtingą turintiems negalią asmenims. Straipsnyje pateikiamas Valakupių reabilitacijos centre sukurtos ir išbandytos profesinio orientavimo paslaugos turinys ir metodika, taip pat 109 profesinės reabilitacijos programoje dalyvavusių klientų profesinio orientavimo efektyvumo analizė

Review of Agne Matulaite‘s doctoral dissertation “Your body just goes bananas”: embodied experience of pregnancy (social sciences, psychology 06S)

The author of the review appreciates much the courage and innovativeness to use the qualitative methodology in the study of embodied experience in women during pregnancy and the postpartum year. The biopsychosocial approach here is enriched with the cultural aspects which could be more elaborated, however. The detailed description of 6 women’s experience has been achieved by skillful application of the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. The bodily experience in pregnancy occurred to be dynamic, complex and firmly embedded in women’s life-world. Although the structure of the dissertation is not very traditional, it looks reasonable and matches the requirements of the method applied. The results of the research are valuable and promising. The study provides insights into the lived experience that may be useful in psychological theory and in practice when working with women at this important transitional life stage.

Review of Agne Matulaite’s doctoral dissertation “Your body just goes bananas” : embodied experience of pregnancy (Social sciences, Psychology 06S)

The author of the review appreciates much the courage and innovativeness to use the qualitative methodology in the study of embodied experience in women during pregnancy and the postpartum year. The biopsychosocial approach here is enriched with the cultural aspects which could be more elaborated, however. The detailed description of 6 women’s experience has been achieved by skillful application of the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. The bodily experience in pregnancy occurred to be dynamic, complex and firmly embedded in women’s life-world. Although the structure of the dissertation is not very traditional, it looks reasonable and matches the requirements of the method applied. The results of the research are valuable and promising. The study provides insights into the lived experience that may be useful in psychological theory and in practice when working with women at this important transitional life stage