Tissue eosinophils as a histopathological marker in oral premalignant and malignant lesions: a histochemical study

Introduction: Although recent studies show the association of eosinophils with different tumors including oral malignancies, the role of eosinophils in premalignant conditions of the oral cavity is not known precisely. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the number of eosinophils in premalignant and malignant conditions of the oral cavity and its role in progression to malignancy. Materials &Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 50 samples with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), 18 with verrucous carcinoma, 13 with erosive lichen planus, and 10 with leukoplakia with mild dysplasia after confirmation of histopathological diagnosis. The samples were stained with Sirius Red. The total numbers of eosinophils in 10 areas were counted at a magnification of 400x (eosinophil/10HPF). Data are analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test, and Spearman’s correlation test. Results: The mean number of eosinophils in OSCC, verrucous carcinoma, erosive lichen planus, and leukoplakia with mild dysplasia was 90.26, 59.72, 11.08 and 0.0 eosinophil/10HPF respectively. The mean number of eosinophils was significantly higher in malignant (OSCC and verrucous carcinoma) than premalignant (erosive lichen planus and leukoplakia with mild dysplasia) lesions of the oral cavity (P=0.0001). No significant correlation was found between the number of eosinophils with histopathologic grade, gender, and age in OSCC samples. Conclusion: The greater number of eosinophils is seen in malignant than premalignant lesions of the oral cavity. It is recommended to consider the high number of eosinophils in premalignant lesions as an indicator for a more potential of preliminary oral lesions to undergo malignant transformation

Epidemiological aspects of head and neck cancers in a population of south east region of Iran

Introduction: The geographical distribution of head and neck cancer shows considerable variation and it is site dependent. The review of the literature shows few data concerning the head and neck cancer patterns in Iran. The purpose of this study was to represent epidemiological aspects of head and neck cancers in south east of Iran. Materials &Methods: In this retrospective study, from a total of 924 diagnosed patients with cancer in the pathology department of dentistry school archives and two main hospitals in south east of Iran during 2006-2012, 287 cases of head and neck cancer were diagnosed histopathologically. Demographic data of patients such as age, gender, location and type of cancer (carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, metastatic, or primary) were obtained from patients’ records. Data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software (V.21) using the chi-square test. Results: Squamous cell carcinoma (39.7%) and basal cell carcinoma (26.8%) were the most common malignancies in the head and neck region. The mean age of the patients was 56.1±12.8 years and the relationship between age groups and head and neck cancers was not statistically significant (P=0.085). Male to female ratio was 0.9 to 1. The relationship between gender and types of head and neck cancers was not statistically significant. (P=0.114) Conclusion: In this study, prevalence of head and neck cancer in south east of Iran (Zahedan) was relatively high. However, comparison between findings of our study with other studies shows a relation consistency

(2,2′-Biquinoline-κ2 N,N′)dibromido­zinc(II)

In the title compound, [ZnBr2(C18H12N2)], the ZnII atom is four-coordinated in a distorted tetra­hedral configuration by two N atoms from the 2,2′-biquinoline ligand and two terminal Br atoms. The crystal packing is stabilized by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯Br hydrogen bonds and extensive inter­molecular π–π contacts between the pyridine and benzene rings [centroid–centroid distances = 3.775 (4), 3.748 (4), 3.735 (4), 3.538 (4), 3.678 (4) and 3.513 (4) Å]

Dichlorido(6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine-κ2 N,N′)cobalt(II)

In the title compound, [CoCl2(C12H12N2)], the CoII atom is four-coordinated in a distorted tetra­hedral geometry by two N atoms from a 6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine ligand and two terminal Cl atoms. Inter­molecular C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking inter­actions between the pyridine rings [centroid–centroid distances = 3.788 (1) and 3.957 (1) Å] are present in the crystal structure

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Epidemiological aspects of head and neck cancers in a population of south east region of Iran

Introduction: The geographical distribution of head and neck cancer shows considerable variation and it is site dependent. The review of the literature shows few data concerning the head and neck cancer patterns in Iran. The purpose of this study was to represent epidemiological aspects of head and neck cancers in south east of Iran. Materials &Methods: In this retrospective study, from a total of 924 diagnosed patients with cancer in the pathology department of dentistry school archives and two main hospitals in south east of Iran during 2006-2012, 287 cases of head and neck cancer were diagnosed histopathologically . Demographic data of patients such as age, gender, location and type of cancer (carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, metastatic, or primary) were obtained from patients’ records. Data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software (V.21) using the chi-square test. Results: Squamous cell carcinoma (39.7%) and basal cell carcinoma (26.8%) were the most common malignancies in the head and neck region. The mean age of the patients was 56.1±12.8 years and the relationship between age groups and head and neck cancers was not statistically significant (P=0.085). Male to female ratio was 0.9 to 1. The relationship between gender and types of head and neck cancers was not statistically significant.(P=0.114) Conclusion: In this study, prevalence of head and neck cancer in south east of Iran (Zahedan) was relatively high. However, comparison between findings of our study with other studies shows a relation consistency

Reactive Hyperplastic Lesions of the Oral Cavity

Introduction: Peripheral reactive lesions of soft tissue are common oral lesions that dentists face during routine examinations. Diagnosis and development of a treatment plan is difficult if dentists are not aware of the prevalence and clinical symptoms of these lesions. The frequency of these lesions differs across various populations. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and distribution of oral reactive lesions over a period of 7 years (2006–2012).   Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, available records from the archives of the Department of Pathology, Dental School and the two main hospitals in southeast of Iran (Zahedan) over a period of 7 years (2006–2012) were reviewed. Information relating to the type of reactive lesion, age, gender and location was extracted and recorded on data forms. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software (V.18) using the chi-square and Fisher’s exact test.   Results: Of 451 oral lesions, 91 cases (20.2%) were reactive hyperplastic lesions. The most common lesions were pyogenic granuloma and irritation fibroma, respectively. These lesions were more frequent in women (60%) than men (40%). The most common locations of involvement were the gingiva and alveolar mucosa of the mandible, and lesions were more common in the 21–40-year age group. The relationship between age group and reactive lesions was statistically significant (P=0.01).   Conclusion:  The major findings in this study are broadly similar to the results of previous studies, with differences observed in some cases. However, knowledge of the frequency and distribution of these lesions is beneficial when establishing a diagnosis and treatment plan in clinical practice

Rapid Synthesis of Cobalt Metal Organic Framework

Metal-organic framework (MOF) has been shown to potential applications due to the high porous hybrid structure. Cobalt MOF was synthesized rapidly by ultrasound energy with about 3,000 m2/g surface area by BET method. Furthermore, this component is Crystalline with significant thermal stability, on account of X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis, respectively. Based on high roughness, crystallinity, and unreported type of FTIR spectrum, a new structure of Co-MOF structure was proposed

Clinical and Histopathological Profiles of Pediatric and Adolescent Oral and Maxillofacial Biopsies in a Persian Population

Introduction The frequency of pediatric and adolescent oral and maxillofacial lesions is various in different societies. The present study aimed at investigating the frequency of oral and maxillofacial pediatric and adolescent biopsies in Zahedan (southeast Iran), and compare the results with other epidemiologic studies.Methods and Materials This retrospective study reviewed oral and maxillofacial lesions in patients with 0-18 years old referring to the treatment centers of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences during 12-years period. Patients’ demographic information including age, gender and location of the lesion were collected and statistically analyzed.ResultsIn general, among 1112 oral and maxillofacial lesions, 154 (13.9%) cases were related to children and adolescents younger than 18 years old. The average age of patients was 11.4 ± 4.9, 53.2% and 46.8% of them were boys and girls, respectively. The most frequent sites of lesions were the gingiva and lip. The most prevalent lesions included inflammatory/reactive, cystic and neoplastic lesions, respectively. Benign and malignant tumors comprised 12.3% and 4.5% of cases. Moreover, pyogenic granuloma and peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG) were the most frequent lesions.ConclusionThe most prevalent oral and maxillofacial lesions in patients under 18 years old were inflammatory/reactive lesions in gingiva and in the 13-18 age range. Determining the characteristics of these lesions in the children and adolescents population provides a firm groundwork for proper diagnosis and treatment