Utvrđivanje individualnih biomehaničkih veličina za prosudbu težine ljudskog rada

Ponašanja su ljudskog tijela u uvjetima djelovanja vanjskih opterećenja pored većeg broja fizioloških čimbenika vezana i uz poznavanje promjena veličine tlaka u čovjekovoj trbušnoj šupljini. Nedvojbeno je utvrđena funkcijska zavisnost između tzv. lumbalnog momenta na razini kralješaka L4/L5 i tlaka u trbušnoj preši. Biomehaničko se rješenje svelo na tvorbu odgovarajućeg biomehaničkog modela koji je načelno ravninskog tipa, a odatle slijede i odgovarajući rezultati, koji su, pored toga što su ravninski, istodobno i približno simetrični za obje ruke. Ova je činjenica bila poticajem da se posebice prouči kakav utjecaj može imati prostorno djelovanje vanjskih opterećenja, misleći pri tome i na segmentalne težine pojedinih dijelova čovjekova tijela i na ostale procesne terete, na prirast tlaka u trbušnoj preši putnika tijekom pristupa i napuštanja putnog prostora zrakoplova. Istražene su prostorne promjene biomehaničkih karakteristika virtualnih humanoidnih karakternih modela te gibanja analognih biodinamičkih i tehničkih sustava, temeljenih na stvarnim antropometrijskim i biomehaničkim izmjerama tijela ljudi naše populacije, unutar virtualnih trodimenzionalnih prostora u svrhu analize njihova djelovanja u realnim uvjetima zrakoplovnog okoliša. Nadalje, na osnovi izvršenih antropometrijskih i biomehaničkih mjerenja istražen je za sada nedovoljan utjecaj personaliziranih oblika i dimenzija tijela kao i pripadnih tjelesnih položaja prilikom ljudskih aktivnosti koje se ostvaruju u ergonomijskim i biomehaničkim zahvatnim radnjama unutar zrakoplovnih sustava pri uporabi okolišnih elemenata koji s ljudskim tijelom dolaze u neposredan dodir ili ga prilikom njegovih radnih aktivnosti okružuju, glede mogućnosti točnog određivanja dimenzija idealno oblikovanog zrakoplovnog okolišnog sustava za svakog pojedinca zasebno. Provedeno je istraživanje digitalno dobivenih antropometrijskih izmjera i trodimenzionalnih dinamičkih promjena biomehaničkih karakteristika ljudi prilikom kretanja i mirovanja unutar zrakoplovnog putničkog prostora

3D Scanner application in the function of digital foot antropometry (FootSABA 3D Foot Scanner)

Personalizacija dimenzija i oblika obuće od iznimnog je značaja i u današnje vrijeme od strane interdisciplinarnih struka (medicinske, obućarske, ergonomske ...) priznata kao vitalno važna, glede toga jer pogrešno izvedena obuća neminovno rezultira s neželjenim patološkim stanjima stopala. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je znanstveno utvrditi primjenu automatizirane 3D digitalizacije prostorne antropometrijske izmjere stopala u odnosu na učestalost pogrešno odabrane obuće na temelju tradicionalnih metoda izmjere i odabira. Među ispitanim entitetima, podjednako muškog i ženskog spola utvrđeno je da više od dvije trećine osoba nosi obuću koja ergonomski nije odgovarala temeljnim antropometrijskim izmjerama obuće, kako u širini, tako ni u duljini njihovih stopala. Postoje medicinski dokazi da je nošenje neodgovarajuće obuće usko povezano s bolovima i ranama u stopalima, a trajnim nošenjem i patološkim promjenama stopala, kao primjerice deformacijom stopala i nožnih prstiju. Tradicionalne metode determiniranja morfologije stopala u svom opsegu uzimanja mjera nisu dovoljne da točno definiraju oblik i veličinu, za razliku od suvremenog pristupa uporabe 3D skenera i digitalnih metoda izmjera 3D virtualnih modela, koji su u mogućnosti iznimno precizno i brzo personalizirati veliki broj antropometrijskih podataka morfologije stopala.The personalization of footwear in terms of dimension and shape is of the utmost importance and is nowadays considered vitally important by interdisciplinary professions (medical, footwear, ergonomics ...), since inadequately manufactured footwear inevitably results in unwanted pathological conditions of the feet. The aim of this study is to scientifically determine the application of automated 3D digitization of spatial anthropometric foot measurement in relation to the frequency of incorrectly selected footwear based on traditional methods of measurement and selection. Among the examined individuals, both male and female, it was found that more than two thirds of people wear footwear that ergonomically does not fit the basic anthropometric footwear measurements, both in width and length of their feet. There is medical evidence that wearing inappropriate footwear is closely related to pain and wounds on the feet, and that prolonged wearing leads to pathological changes of the feet, such as foot and toe deformation. In the scope of taking measures, traditional methods of determining foot morphology are not sufficient to accurately define the shape and size, in contrast to the modern approach of using 3D scanners and digital methods of measuring virtual 3D models, which enable a very accurate and quick personalization of a large amount of anthropometric data concerning foot morphology

COGNITIVE SCIENTIFIC VIRTUALIZATION IN THE FUNCTION OF TRAFFIC SAFETY

Određivanje antropometrijskih mjera i bioloških značajki ljudskog tijela konvencionalnim načinom složeno je i dugotrajno. Uvođenjem novih računalnih metoda (SABALab) moguće je brzo i točno određivanje svih važnih tjelesnih veličina kako bi se dimenzije i oblici elemenata okolišnog radnog sustava cestovnog motornog vozila prilagodili vozaču. Proces upravljanja motornim vozilom izvodi se uz potrebnu kontrolu vida. Tijekom upravljanja motornim vozilom potrebne vidne sposobnosti iskazuju se prepoznavanjem složene strukture djelovanja, raspoznavanjem raznovrsnih oblika, boja te brzinom i točnošću reagiranja na temelju vidnog zapažaja. Upravljanje motornim vozilom izvodi se u prostoru koji od vozača zahtijeva izrazito dobre vidne sposobnosti i one su odlučujuće za koordinaciju pokreta, brzinu reagiranja i točnost izvođenja. Radno mjesto vozača pripada zatvorenom tipu s malim tlocrtnim površinama i sjedećim položajem tijela koje je pogodno za ergonomijsko i biomehaničko oblikovanje. Statičke i dinamičke antropometrijske veličine odnose se na kinematičke osobine vozača i bitan raspored djelatnih elemenata kokpita koji omogućuju potreban stupanj kontrole vida i radnih aktivnosti tijekom sudjelovanja u prometnom okruženju.Determining the anthropometric measures and biological characteristics of the human body using the conventional method is complex and time-consuming. The introduction of new computer methods (SABALab) allows fast and precise determining of all the important body values in order to adapt the dimensions and forms of elements in the operating ambient system of the road motor vehicle to the driver. The process of motor vehicle driving is performed with the necessary control of sight. While driving a motor vehicle, the necessary visual capabilities are expressed by recognizing the complex structures of actions, identification of diverse forms, colours, and the speed and precision of reactions based on the visual observation. The motor vehicle control is carried out in space and requires extremely good driver’s sight capabilities, decisive for the coordination of movements, speed of reaction, and precision of performance. The driver’s workplace is of a confined type with small layout area and a sitting position of the body which is suitable for ergonomic and biomechanical design. Static and dynamic anthropometric values refer to the kinematic capabilities of the driver and important arrangement of operating elements of the cockpit allowing the necessary degree of vision control and operating activities during the participation in the traffic environment

Elements of construction design in road traffic safety in rural areas

Ergonomic construction structure of road design is of extreme importance for the safety of road traffic, especially in rural areas, where construction design requirements have to be in line with traditional road routes. Because of that and the particularities of unclassified roads and so called dirt roads, that often intersect important traffic routs, the problem of ergonomic safety is even more prominent. The scope of this paper will include the analysis of ergonomic visibility of an incoming motorcycle by a driver entering the main traffic route from an unclassified road. The motorcycle has been chosen for this study because of its extremely slim frontal silhouette and generally higher speed than the speed limit. We will present the visibility zones and driver eye sight zones, and establish the technical – design and biological – anthropometric limitations of vehicles and drivers with an aim of increasing the road traffic safety

Defining individual biomechanical values for evaluation of difficulty of human labor

Ponašanja su ljudskog tijela u uvjetima djelovanja vanjskih opterećenja pored većeg broja fizioloških čimbenika vezana i uz poznavanje promjena veličine tlaka u čovjekovoj trbušnoj šupljini. Nedvojbeno je utvrđena funkcijska zavisnost između tzv. lumbalnog momenta na razini kralješaka L4/L5 i tlaka u trbušnoj preši. Biomehaničko se rješenje svelo na tvorbu odgovarajućeg biomehaničkog modela koji je načelno ravninskog tipa, a odatle slijede i odgovarajući rezultati, koji su, pored toga što su ravninski, istodobno i približno simetrični za obje ruke. Ova je činjenica bila poticajem da se posebice prouči kakav utjecaj može imati prostorno djelovanje vanjskih opterećenja, misleći pri tome i na segmentalne težine pojedinih dijelova čovjekova tijela i na ostale procesne terete, na prirast tlaka u trbušnoj preši putnika tijekom pristupa i napuštanja putnog prostora zrakoplova. Istražene su prostorne promjene biomehaničkih karakteristika virtualnih humanoidnih karakternih modela te gibanja analognih biodinamičkih i tehničkih sustava, temeljenih na stvarnim antropometrijskim i biomehaničkim izmjerama tijela ljudi naše populacije, unutar virtualnih trodimenzionalnih prostora u svrhu analize njihova djelovanja u realnim uvjetima zrakoplovnog okoliša. Nadalje, na osnovi izvršenih antropometrijskih i biomehaničkih mjerenja istražen je za sada nedovoljan utjecaj personaliziranih oblika i dimenzija tijela kao i pripadnih tjelesnih položaja prilikom ljudskih aktivnosti koje se ostvaruju u ergonomijskim i biomehaničkim zahvatnim radnjama unutar zrakoplovnih sustava pri uporabi okolišnih elemenata koji s ljudskim tijelom dolaze u neposredan dodir ili ga prilikom njegovih radnih aktivnosti okružuju, glede mogućnosti točnog određivanja dimenzija idealno oblikovanog zrakoplovnog okolišnog sustava za svakog pojedinca zasebno. Provedeno je istraživanje digitalno dobivenih antropometrijskih izmjera i trodimenzionalnih dinamičkih promjena biomehaničkih karakteristika ljudi prilikom kretanja i mirovanja unutar zrakoplovnog putničkog prostora.Responses of the human body to external loads, in addition to a large number of physiological factors, are connected to recognizing the changes in intra-abdominal pressure. A functional correlation between the so called lumbar moment at the levels of L4/L5 vertebrae and the intra-abdominal pressure has been undoubtedly established. Biomechanical solution came down to forming a suitable biomechanical model which is fundamentally a linear model, and from there the adequate results follow, which are, beside being linear, at the same time nearly symmetrical for both hands. This fact was a stimulus to research, in particular what kind of influence spatial effect of external loads can have, considering also the segmental weights of human body parts and the other weights in the process, on the intra-abdominal pressure in passengers during boarding and exiting airplane passenger area. Research was done on the spatial changes in biomechanical characteristics of virtual humanoid character models and movements of analogue biodynamical and technical systems, based on real anthropomorphic and biomechanical measurements of the human body in our population, inside virtual 3D spaces for the purpose of analyzing their function in real conditions of airplane environment. Furthermore, on the basis of performed anthropometric and biomechanical measurements, we investigated the so far insufficient influence of personalized body geometry and dimensions, as well as body positions during human activities performed in ergonomic and biomechanical clutching actions within airplane systems while using surrounding elements which come into immediate physical contact with the human body or surround it during performing regular working activities, for the purpose of accurate defining of dimensions of ideally shaped airplane environment for every individual separately. Research was conducted on digitally obtained anthropometric measurements and 3D dynamic changes in biomechanical characteristics of people during moving and inaction inside airplane passenger area

Defining individual biomechanical values for evaluation of difficulty of human labor

Ponašanja su ljudskog tijela u uvjetima djelovanja vanjskih opterećenja pored većeg broja fizioloških čimbenika vezana i uz poznavanje promjena veličine tlaka u čovjekovoj trbušnoj šupljini. Nedvojbeno je utvrđena funkcijska zavisnost između tzv. lumbalnog momenta na razini kralješaka L4/L5 i tlaka u trbušnoj preši. Biomehaničko se rješenje svelo na tvorbu odgovarajućeg biomehaničkog modela koji je načelno ravninskog tipa, a odatle slijede i odgovarajući rezultati, koji su, pored toga što su ravninski, istodobno i približno simetrični za obje ruke. Ova je činjenica bila poticajem da se posebice prouči kakav utjecaj može imati prostorno djelovanje vanjskih opterećenja, misleći pri tome i na segmentalne težine pojedinih dijelova čovjekova tijela i na ostale procesne terete, na prirast tlaka u trbušnoj preši putnika tijekom pristupa i napuštanja putnog prostora zrakoplova. Istražene su prostorne promjene biomehaničkih karakteristika virtualnih humanoidnih karakternih modela te gibanja analognih biodinamičkih i tehničkih sustava, temeljenih na stvarnim antropometrijskim i biomehaničkim izmjerama tijela ljudi naše populacije, unutar virtualnih trodimenzionalnih prostora u svrhu analize njihova djelovanja u realnim uvjetima zrakoplovnog okoliša. Nadalje, na osnovi izvršenih antropometrijskih i biomehaničkih mjerenja istražen je za sada nedovoljan utjecaj personaliziranih oblika i dimenzija tijela kao i pripadnih tjelesnih položaja prilikom ljudskih aktivnosti koje se ostvaruju u ergonomijskim i biomehaničkim zahvatnim radnjama unutar zrakoplovnih sustava pri uporabi okolišnih elemenata koji s ljudskim tijelom dolaze u neposredan dodir ili ga prilikom njegovih radnih aktivnosti okružuju, glede mogućnosti točnog određivanja dimenzija idealno oblikovanog zrakoplovnog okolišnog sustava za svakog pojedinca zasebno. Provedeno je istraživanje digitalno dobivenih antropometrijskih izmjera i trodimenzionalnih dinamičkih promjena biomehaničkih karakteristika ljudi prilikom kretanja i mirovanja unutar zrakoplovnog putničkog prostora.Responses of the human body to external loads, in addition to a large number of physiological factors, are connected to recognizing the changes in intra-abdominal pressure. A functional correlation between the so called lumbar moment at the levels of L4/L5 vertebrae and the intra-abdominal pressure has been undoubtedly established. Biomechanical solution came down to forming a suitable biomechanical model which is fundamentally a linear model, and from there the adequate results follow, which are, beside being linear, at the same time nearly symmetrical for both hands. This fact was a stimulus to research, in particular what kind of influence spatial effect of external loads can have, considering also the segmental weights of human body parts and the other weights in the process, on the intra-abdominal pressure in passengers during boarding and exiting airplane passenger area. Research was done on the spatial changes in biomechanical characteristics of virtual humanoid character models and movements of analogue biodynamical and technical systems, based on real anthropomorphic and biomechanical measurements of the human body in our population, inside virtual 3D spaces for the purpose of analyzing their function in real conditions of airplane environment. Furthermore, on the basis of performed anthropometric and biomechanical measurements, we investigated the so far insufficient influence of personalized body geometry and dimensions, as well as body positions during human activities performed in ergonomic and biomechanical clutching actions within airplane systems while using surrounding elements which come into immediate physical contact with the human body or surround it during performing regular working activities, for the purpose of accurate defining of dimensions of ideally shaped airplane environment for every individual separately. Research was conducted on digitally obtained anthropometric measurements and 3D dynamic changes in biomechanical characteristics of people during moving and inaction inside airplane passenger area

Defining individual biomechanical values for evaluation of difficulty of human labor

Ponašanja su ljudskog tijela u uvjetima djelovanja vanjskih opterećenja pored većeg broja fizioloških čimbenika vezana i uz poznavanje promjena veličine tlaka u čovjekovoj trbušnoj šupljini. Nedvojbeno je utvrđena funkcijska zavisnost između tzv. lumbalnog momenta na razini kralješaka L4/L5 i tlaka u trbušnoj preši. Biomehaničko se rješenje svelo na tvorbu odgovarajućeg biomehaničkog modela koji je načelno ravninskog tipa, a odatle slijede i odgovarajući rezultati, koji su, pored toga što su ravninski, istodobno i približno simetrični za obje ruke. Ova je činjenica bila poticajem da se posebice prouči kakav utjecaj može imati prostorno djelovanje vanjskih opterećenja, misleći pri tome i na segmentalne težine pojedinih dijelova čovjekova tijela i na ostale procesne terete, na prirast tlaka u trbušnoj preši putnika tijekom pristupa i napuštanja putnog prostora zrakoplova. Istražene su prostorne promjene biomehaničkih karakteristika virtualnih humanoidnih karakternih modela te gibanja analognih biodinamičkih i tehničkih sustava, temeljenih na stvarnim antropometrijskim i biomehaničkim izmjerama tijela ljudi naše populacije, unutar virtualnih trodimenzionalnih prostora u svrhu analize njihova djelovanja u realnim uvjetima zrakoplovnog okoliša. Nadalje, na osnovi izvršenih antropometrijskih i biomehaničkih mjerenja istražen je za sada nedovoljan utjecaj personaliziranih oblika i dimenzija tijela kao i pripadnih tjelesnih položaja prilikom ljudskih aktivnosti koje se ostvaruju u ergonomijskim i biomehaničkim zahvatnim radnjama unutar zrakoplovnih sustava pri uporabi okolišnih elemenata koji s ljudskim tijelom dolaze u neposredan dodir ili ga prilikom njegovih radnih aktivnosti okružuju, glede mogućnosti točnog određivanja dimenzija idealno oblikovanog zrakoplovnog okolišnog sustava za svakog pojedinca zasebno. Provedeno je istraživanje digitalno dobivenih antropometrijskih izmjera i trodimenzionalnih dinamičkih promjena biomehaničkih karakteristika ljudi prilikom kretanja i mirovanja unutar zrakoplovnog putničkog prostora.Responses of the human body to external loads, in addition to a large number of physiological factors, are connected to recognizing the changes in intra-abdominal pressure. A functional correlation between the so called lumbar moment at the levels of L4/L5 vertebrae and the intra-abdominal pressure has been undoubtedly established. Biomechanical solution came down to forming a suitable biomechanical model which is fundamentally a linear model, and from there the adequate results follow, which are, beside being linear, at the same time nearly symmetrical for both hands. This fact was a stimulus to research, in particular what kind of influence spatial effect of external loads can have, considering also the segmental weights of human body parts and the other weights in the process, on the intra-abdominal pressure in passengers during boarding and exiting airplane passenger area. Research was done on the spatial changes in biomechanical characteristics of virtual humanoid character models and movements of analogue biodynamical and technical systems, based on real anthropomorphic and biomechanical measurements of the human body in our population, inside virtual 3D spaces for the purpose of analyzing their function in real conditions of airplane environment. Furthermore, on the basis of performed anthropometric and biomechanical measurements, we investigated the so far insufficient influence of personalized body geometry and dimensions, as well as body positions during human activities performed in ergonomic and biomechanical clutching actions within airplane systems while using surrounding elements which come into immediate physical contact with the human body or surround it during performing regular working activities, for the purpose of accurate defining of dimensions of ideally shaped airplane environment for every individual separately. Research was conducted on digitally obtained anthropometric measurements and 3D dynamic changes in biomechanical characteristics of people during moving and inaction inside airplane passenger area

Influence of shift work on the safety of work activity of medical staff

Obrazac budnosti i spavanja, tzv. cirkadijski ritam, usklađen je s prirodnim ritmom vanjskog okruženja, temeljenom na 24 satnom biološkom obrascu. Neusklađenost naspram prirodnog biološkog ritma, rezultira prvenstveno: nesanicom, umorom i nadasve vidljivim pogoršanjem u sigurnosti i performansama obavljanja svakodnevnih dnevnih i radnih zadataka. Humanoidni i ispravan ritam sna i budnosti uvjetovan je izlaganjem sunčevom ciklusu od 24 sata i normalno osigurava vrhunac radne aktivnosti tijekom dana, odnosno ciklus sna tijekom noći, a generiran je endogenim neuronima u suprahijazmatskoj jezgri unutar prednjeg hipotalamusa. Kako pokazuje provedeno istraživanje smjenski rad medicinskog osoblja primjer je faznog odmaka od normalnog biološkog ritma čovjeka i utvrđeno je u značajnoj mjeri utječe na; radnu fiziologiju, izvedbu i sigurnost radnog djelovanja, a u značajnoj mjeri može poprimiti i kronične značajke. Desinhronizacija ritma budnosti i sna u odnosu na solarni dan rezultira periodičnim nesanicama i dnevnim umorom u vrijeme kada bi faza budnosti i maksimalnog učinka trebala biti na vrhuncu, što za posljedicu može uzrokovati ne samo smanjenje radnog učinka, već i rezultirati iznimno štetnim, a s obzirom na radno mjesto i moguće katastrofalnim ishodima u slučaju pogrešaka prilikom radnih aktivnosti, a uvjetovano neurološkim disfunkcijama zaposlenika koji svoj posao obavljaju u smjenskom načinu rada.Pattern of sleep and wakefulness, the so-called circadian rhythm, is aligned with the natural rhythm of the external environment, based on the 24-hour biological pattern. Discrepancy towards natural biological rhythm results primarily in insomnia, fatigue and, above all, a visible deterioration in safety and performance of everyday daily and business tasks. The humanoid and correct sleep and wakefulness rhythm is conditioned by exposure to the solar cycle of 24 hours and normally ensures the peak of work activity during the day or sleep cycle during the night and is generated by endogenous neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus within the anterior hypothalamus. As the conducted research shows, shift work of medical staff is an example of a phase deviation from the normal biological rhythm in a human being and has been found to significantly affect occupational physiology, performance and safety of work activity, and to a significant extent it can also take on chronic health pathological features. Desynchronization in the rhythm of sleep and wakefulness in relation to the solar day results in periodic insomnia and daily fatigue at a time when the phase of wakefulness and maximum performance should be at its peak, which can cause not only reduced work performance, but can also result in extremely harmful, and considering the type of workplace, possible catastrophic outcomes in case of errors during work activities, conditioned by neurological dysfunctions of employees who perform their work in a shift mode

Extensive Biomechanical Analysis of Passenger Locomotion in Airbus A320

Every human working activity is related to adequate workloadand therefore also stress. The workloads of people workingin different working postures form a wide but still insufficientlystudied biomechanical and ergonomic field. Carrying, liftingand manipulating freight often results in relatively high loads,and in case of the need for increased frequency of such procedures,the result is an exhausting dynamic strain of the humanbody. The loads that can occur during human activities are inthe majority of cases related to their extremely non-ergonomicworking position. It has been determined that the working posturesof the human body are supported by the action of the musclesystem on the human locomotoric chain. Non-ergonomicposture of human body is harmful, especially in case when it isforced or when it is in the field of suboptimal condition. Highloads affect directly the human safety, and in case of longer exposureof the body to the action of such loads, the possibility formore permanent organism damages of organism may occur

A 3D Vizualization and Simulation of the Individual Human Jaw

A new biomechanical three-dimensional (3D) model for the human mandible based on computer-generated virtual model is proposed. Using maps obtained from the special kinds of photos of the face of the real subject, it is possible to attribute personality to the virtual character, while computer animation offers movements and characteristics within the confines of space and time of the virtual world. A simple twodimensional model of the jaw cannot explain the biomechanics, where the muscular forces through occlusion and condylar surfaces are in the state of 3D equilibrium. In the model all forces are resolved into components according to a selected coordinate system. The muscular forces act on the jaw, along with the necessary force level for chewing as some kind of mandible balance, preventing dislocation and loading of nonarticular tissues. In the work is used new approach to computer-generated animation of virtual 3D characters (called »Body SABA«), using in one object package of minimal costs and easy for operation