Nanoanalysis of a sub-nanometre reaction layer in a metal inserted high-k gate stack

Reactions at the interfaces can occur in metal inserted high-k gate stacks and are likely to evolve during device processing. Such reactions may affect the electrical properties of the stack and hence these could change during processing. The key interfaces are often not atomically flat and characterising the reaction layers on the near atomic scale required is a challenge. Aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and spectrum imaging (SI) using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) is used to characterise an HfN or Hf(O,N) reaction layer, ∼0.25 nm wide, between HfO<sub>2</sub> and TiN. This demonstrates the very significant advances in high spatial resolution characterisation made in recent years

Reproduction of diabetes mellitus` types in an experiment

It is known that patients with diabetes mellitus significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. In recent years, the disease prevalence has been steadily increasing. Hyperglycemia significantly reduces the quality of life of the patient, reduces his ability to work and life expectancy by 10-30 %. That`s why diabetes mellitus is a heavy socio-economic burden in any country in the world and is ranked one of the top places in the ranking of chronic diseases. The curiosity of scientists is due to high disability of patients with diabetes mellitus and the development of complications. Of all the experimental methods described in the simulation of experimental diabetes, the most common and recognized in the world are chemical methods (to use a streptotsocin, alloxan, etc.). In fact, many models of diabetes mellitus may be exist. For example, full or partial surgical removal of the pancreas. In the immune model, antibodies are used against insulin, and in the genetic - the removal of pure lines of mice and other animals with a hereditary-conditioned form of diabetes mellitus

Comparison of a New 10% and 20% safflower Oil Fat Emulsion in Pediatric Parenteral Nutrition

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141546/1/jpen0236.pd

Studies on the Efficacy of a New 20% Fat Emulsion in Pediatric Parenteral Nutrition

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141878/1/jpen0222.pd

Atomic-scale Interaction Dynamics in Few-layer Hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN)

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7-August 11, 201

Indicadores de prescripción racional de medicamentos: factibilidad de aplicación en instituciones de las Américas

Objetivo. Evaluar la factibilidad de monitorear la calidad de la utilización de medicamentos en instituciones sanitarias de países de la Región de las Américas mediante indicadores de prescripción racional. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo de utilización de medicamentos durante el período 2016-2018. Se desarrollaron y seleccionaron indicadores de prescripción racional de acuerdo a referencias internacionales y a la mejor evidencia disponible para: 1) antiinflamatorios: porcentaje de prescripción de ibuprofeno y/o naproxeno sobre prescripción total de antinflamatorios no esteroideos; 2) antidiabéticos orales: metformina como porcentaje de todos los antidiabéticos prescritos, metformina y/o sulfonilureas como porcentaje de todos los antidiabéticos prescritos; 3) insulinas: insulina cristalina y NPH como porcentaje del total de insulinas prescritas y 4) medicamentos antihipertensivos: porcentaje de inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de la angiotensina (IECA), antagonistas de los receptores de la angiotensina II (ARA-II) y diuréticos tiazídicos sobre el total de antihipertensivos prescritos. Se empleó la dosis diaria definida (DDD) por 1 000 habitantes y día (DHD) como medida del consumo por institución. Resultados. La prescripción de metformina con relación a todos los antidiabéticos fue menor al valor del indicador de referencia (27,9%-67,6% vs. 88%), mientras que la prescripción de metformina y/o una sulfonilurea fue comparable con dicho valor (80,9%-97,5% vs. 88%). Los valores de insulina NPH, cristalina y NPH/ cristalina con relación a las insulinas prescritas fueron variables frente al valor del indicador de referencia (37,1%-100% vs. 75%). La prescripción de ibuprofeno y naproxeno estuvo por debajo del valor del indicador (20%-50% vs. 80%). El porcentaje de IECA, ARA-II y tiazidas respecto a todos los antihipertensivos osciló entre 65,2%-77,2% vs 65%, acorde al valor del indicador propuesto. Conclusiones. Se demostró la factibilidad de aplicar los indicadores de prescripción racional seleccionados y construidos, que proporcionan información útil para analizar la calidad de la prescripción en las instituciones sanitarias de países de la Región y representan una herramienta útil para su monitoreo periódico.Facultad de Ciencias Médica

Subangstrom edge relaxations probed by electron microscopy in hexagonal boron nitride

Theoretical research on the two-dimensional crystal structure of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has suggested that the physical properties of h-BN can be tailored for a wealth of applications by controlling the atomic structure of the membrane edges. Unexplored for h-BN, however, is the possibility that small additional edge-atom distortions could have electronic structure implications critically important to nanoengineering efforts. Here we demonstrate, using a combination of analytical scanning transmission electron microscopy and density functional theory, that covalent interlayer bonds form spontaneously at the edges of a h-BN bilayer, resulting in subangstrom distortions of the edge atomic structure. Orbital maps calculated in 3D around the closed edge reveal that the out-of-plane bonds retain a strong π* character. We show that this closed edge reconstruction, strikingly different from the equivalent case for graphene, helps the material recover its bulklike insulating behavior and thus largely negates the predicted metallic character of open edges