Sunquake with a second bounce, other sunquakes, and emission associated with the X9.3 flare of 6 September 2017. I. Observations

Aims. The 6 September 2017 X9.3 solar flare produced very unique observations of magnetic field transients and a few seismic responses, or sunquakes, detected by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) instrument aboard Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO) spacecraft, including the strongest sunquake ever reported. This flare was one of a few flares occurring within a few days or hours in the same active region. Despite numerous reports of the fast variations of magnetic field, and seismic and white light emission, no attempts were made to interpret the flare features using multi-wavelength observations. In this study, we attempt to produce the summary of available observations of the most powerful flare of the 6 September 2017 obtained using instruments with different spatial resolutions (this paper) and to provide possible interpretation of the flaring events, which occurred in the locations of some seismic sources (a companion Paper II). Methods. We employed non-linear force-free field extrapolations followed by magnetohydrodynamic simulations in order to identify the presence of several magnetic flux ropes prior to the initiation of this X9.3 flare. Sunquakes were observed using the directional holography and time–distance diagram detection techniques. The high-resolution method to detect the Hα line kernels in the CRISP instrument at the diffraction level limit was also applied. Results. We explore the available γ-ray (GR), hard X-ray (HXR), Lyman-α, and extreme ultra-violet (EUV) emission for this flare comprising two flaring events observed by space- and ground-based instruments with different spatial resolutions. For each flaring event we detect a few seismic sources, or sunquakes, using Dopplergrams from the HMI/SDO instrument coinciding with the kernels of Hα line emission with strong redshifts and white light sources. The properties of sunquakes were explored simultaneously with the observations of HXR (with KONUS/WIND and the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager payload), EUV (with the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA/SDO and the EUV Imaging Spectrometer aboard Hinode payload), Hα line emission (with the CRisp Imaging Spectro-Polarimeter (CRISP) in the Swedish Solar Telescope), and white light emission (with HMI/SDO). The locations of sunquake and Hα kernels are associated with the footpoints of magnetic flux ropes formed immediately before the X9.3 flare onset. Conclusions. For the first time we present the detection of the largest sunquake ever recorded with the first and second bounces of acoustic waves generated in the solar interior, the ripples of which appear at a short distance of 5–8 Mm from the initial flare location. Four other sunquakes were also detected, one of which is likely to have occurred 10 min later in the same location as the largest sunquake. Possible parameters of flaring atmospheres in the locations with sunquakes are discussed using available temporal and spatial coverage of hard X-ray, GR, EUV, hydrogen Hα-line, and white light emission in preparation for their use in an interpretation to be given in Paper II

Media composition influences yeast one- and two-hybrid results

Although yeast two-hybrid experiments are commonly used to identify protein interactions, the frequent occurrence of false negatives and false positives hampers data interpretation. Using both yeast one-hybrid and two-hybrid experiments, we have identified potential sources of these problems: the media preparation protocol and the source of the yeast nitrogen base may not only impact signal range but also effect whether a result appears positive or negative. While altering media preparation may optimize signal differences for individual experiments, media preparation must be reported in detail to replicate studies and accurately compare results from different experiments

Health Behaviors of Student Community Research Partners When Designing and Implementing a Healthy Lifestyle Intervention on College Campuses.

Few studies work with college students as equal partners in all aspects of Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) and even less evaluate behaviors of those college partners. The current study aimed to examine health behaviors of students by designing and implementing a peer-led, social marketing campaign (Get Fruved) to promote healthier lifestyles on their campuses. Enrolled students (n = 376) were trained to either design and implement a health promotion intervention (Social Marketing and Environmental Interventionists; SMEI, n = 78), be peer mentors (PM; n = 205), or serve as control participants (n = 93). Students\u27 behaviors (dietary, activity, and stress) and anthropometrics were assessed at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. The population was predominately Caucasian, female, and between 19 and 20 years old. On average, fruit and vegetable consumption slightly decreased across all time points for each group with control at a larger decline. Students International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) scores showed students met recommended amounts of activity throughout the intervention, with males reporting higher activity levels. Cohen\u27s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) analyses indicated 19 year olds had higher stress along with females had higher than males. Students involved in a CBPR approach to be trained, design, and implement a lifestyle intervention can achieve maintenance of health behaviors throughout a college year when compared to control students

Sedentary and Physically Active Behavior Patterns Among Low-Income African-American and White Adults Living in the Southeastern United States

Increased sedentary behavior and lack of physical activity are associated with increased risk for many chronic diseases. Differences in leisure-time physical activity between African American and white adults have been suggested to partially explain racial disparities in chronic disease outcomes, but expanding the definition of physical activity to include household and occupational activities may reduce or even eliminate racial differences in total physical activity. The objective of this study was to describe patterns of active and sedentary behaviors in black and white adults and to examine these behaviors across demographic measures. Sedentary and physically active behaviors were obtained from a validated physical activity questionnaire in 23,021 black men, 9,899 white men, 32,214 black women, and 15,425 white women (age 40–79) at enrollment into the Southern Community Cohort Study. Descriptive statistics for sedentary time; light, moderate, and vigorous household/occupational activity; sports/exercise; total activity; and meeting current physical activity recommendations via sports/exercise were examined for each race-sex group. Adjusted means were calculated using multiple linear regression models across demographic measures. Study participants spent approximately 60% of waking time in sedentary behaviors. Blacks reported more television viewing time than whites (45 minutes for females, 15 minutes for males), but when sitting time was expressed as a proportion of overall awake time, minimal racial differences were found. Patterns of light, moderate, and vigorous household/occupational activity were similar in all race/sex groups. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans were followed by 16% of women and 25% of men independent of race. Overall, black and white men and women in this study spent the majority of their daily time in sedentary behaviors and less than one-fourth followed current guidelines for physical activity. These results indicate that public health campaigns should focus on both reducing sedentary behavior and increasing physical activity in all adult US populations

A Community Based Participatory Approach to Training Young Adults to Design and Implement a Social Marketing Framed Lifestyle Intervention on Their College Campus

Background: Using a Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) approach may increase the likelihood of relevance and acceptability of the designed intervention, especially on a college campus. Furthermore, recruiting and training college students to design a social marketing framed healthy lifestyle intervention for their peers will allow the intervention to be tailored to the needs of the campus. Objectives: To describe the process of online-course training college students to develop a campus-based, social marketing health promotion intervention. Methods: Four universities recruited current college students (18+ y.o.) to develop a social marketing and environmental intervention (SMEI), which was completed during a 16-week, online/in-person hybrid semester course. Researchers and Extension professionals trained students to design 24 weeks of intervention events that would be implemented the upcoming year. Results: Seventy-eight students enrolled in the study and social marketing and environmental intervention course among the four intervention states (Florida = 30, South Dakota = 8, Tennessee = 13, West Virginia = 27); students were predominately Caucasian (65.8%), females (84.0%), and sophomore status in college (64.9%). Throughout the semester, students assessed their campus environments, set priorities, and developed weekly events and resources needed to implement the intervention on their campuses. By the end of the semester, with researcher support, students had designed 24 weeks of intervention events (marketing, recruiting, and implementation) focusing on nutrition/food/diet, physical activity, stress management, sleep, and time management. These events and resources were catalogued into a digital toolkit of instructions and activities for each week of intervention events. Conclusion: Using a Community-Based Participatory Research approach with college students interested in health allows for the development of an intervention that stems from grass roots efforts and is tailored to the acceptability and needs of their peers

Did we do everything we could have? Nurses’ contributions to medicines optimisation: a mixed method study

Aim To explore UK professionals’ interpretations of medicines optimization and expansion of nurses’ roles. Design This mixed‐methods study sought professionals’ views on nurses’ involvement, competency and engagement in monitoring patients for adverse effects of medicines, monitoring adherence, prescribing and patient education. Method An online survey and interviews were undertaken with nurses, doctors and pharmacists in Wales and England, May 2018 to July 2019. Results In all, 220 nurses, 17 doctors and 62 pharmacists responded to the online survey, and 24 professionals were interviewed. Nurses were divided over extending their roles, with 123/220 (55.9%) wishing to extend roles in monitoring patients for possible adverse drug reactions (ADRs), 111/220 (50.5%) in adherence monitoring, 121/220 (55.0%) in prescribing and 122/220 (55.4%) in patient education. The best‐qualified nurses were the most willing to increase involvement in monitoring patients for ADRs (aOR 13.00, 1.56–108.01). Interviews revealed that both nurses and doctors assumed the other profession was undertaking this monitoring. Respondents agreed that increasing nurses’ involvement in medicines optimization would improve patient care, but expressed reservations about nurses’ competencies. Collaboration between nurses and doctors was suboptimal (rated 7/10 at best) and between nurses and pharmacists even more so (6/10 at best). Conclusion Juxtaposition of datasets identified problems with medicines optimization: although most respondents agreed that increasing nurses’ involvement would positively impact practice, their educational preparation was a barrier. Only ~50% of nurses were willing to expand their roles to fill the hiatus in care identified and ensure that at least one profession was taking responsibility for ADR monitoring. Impact To improve multiprofessional team working and promote patient safety, nurse leaders should ensure patients are monitored for possible ADRs by at least one profession. Initiatives expanding nurses’ roles in medicines optimization and prescribing might be best targeted towards the more educated nurses, who have multidisciplinary support