Fish Liver Biomarkers for Heavy Metal Pollution: A Review Article

Heavy metals as dangerous and long lasting pollutants in environment have been widely studied and monitored. Liver is the most important organ in storage and detoxification of these pollutants. Assessment of indicators, including changes in intermediate active components between the liver and pollution effect, provide sensitive liver biomarkers and can be a suitable index for health condition of fish. In addition, fish liver is a favorite model to study interaction between environmental factors and liver structure and performance. This review studies variety of liver biomarkers in molecular- cellular (damage to chromosome, DNA and lysosome; increasing metallothionein and ferritin levels), biochemical-physiological (transaminase enzymes and oxidative enzyme parameters) and morphological-histopathological levels, and investigates advantages and disadvantages of these levels. Moreover, restrictions and landscape in the future is discussed for these biomarkers exposed to heavy metals pollution. There are many liver biomarkers that can be used for identification of initial heavy metal pollution, assessment of health condition of fish and ability of fish to defense against pollution challenges. Some of these biomarkers are special for heavy metal pollution while the others are non-specia

Efficacy of Er,Cr Laser incision Corticotomy in Rapid Maxillary Canine Retraction: A Split-Mouth Randomized Clinical Trial

Introduction: This study sought to evaluate the efficacy of lasercision corticotomy for the acceleration of the canine movement. Our secondary objectives were assessing the canine rotation, the rate of anchorage control, the level of pain, and the gingival index (GI).Methods: Twelve orthodontic patients (9 females and 3 males) referring to the School of Dentistry and one dental clinic from May 2019 to September 2019 participated in this split-mouth randomized clinical trial. The allocation of the test and control sides was performed by flipping a coin. The mean age of patients was 18.91±3.87 years (range 15-30 years). The treatment plan included maxillary first premolar extraction. Following the initial leveling and alignment phase, an initial impression was made. Corticotomy was carried out with the erbium, chromium-doped yttrium scandium gallium garnet (Er, Cr: YSGG) laser (3.5 W, 30 Hz, 40% air, 80% water) in one maxillary quadrant (the laser side). Canine retraction was immediately initiated following surgery using nickel-titanium closed-coil springs with 150 g force. The impression was repeated 1 month after the onset of retraction. The casts were scanned, and the distance between the canine cusp tip and the rugae line was measured to quantify the amount of anteroposterior canine movement. The molar anchorage control was also evaluated by measuring the distance between the mesial contact of the permanent first molar and the rugae line. Gingival health was evaluated using the GI. The modified McGill pain questionnaire was used to assess the level of patients’ pain.Results: Lasercision corticotomy accelerated canine retraction with no adverse effect on gingival health. Anchorage loss in the posterior teeth and pain scores were not significantly different between the control and laser sides.Conclusion: Laser corticotomy can effectively accelerate canine retraction with no complications or discomfort for the patients

Evaluation of PECAM-1 Gene Polymorphism in Patients with Periodontal Disease and Healthy Individuals

Objective. Our aim in this paper was to investigate the possible genetic association between three Ser563Asn, Leu125Val and Arg670Gly polymorphisms of the PECAM-1 gene and periodontitis. Methods. Genomic DNA was isolated from whole blood of 105 periodontal patient (52 with chronic periodontitis and 53 with aggressive periodontitis) and 101 healthy individuals. Samples were genotyped and analyzed for the three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of PECAM-1 using polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSPs). Results. A statistically significant difference was found between the genotypic distribution of the Ser563Asn polymorphism in patients with periodontitis compared to controls (P = 0.02). But there were no statistically significant difference between the allele frequencies in the different groups (P = 0.05). The other two polymorphisms did not show a statistically significant difference in their allele and genotype frequencies between the groups. There was no statistically significant difference found for any of the polymorphisms allele and genotype distribution in aggressive and chronic periodontitis either. Conclusions. No significant association was found between the polymorphism tested and the subgroups of periodontitis, further research is still necessary to determine whether this polymorphism can be used as a genetic marker of periodontitis

The effect of grape-seed oil on diabetes-related hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and inflammation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Background: Grape-seed oil has diverse biological functions and is beneficial in treating metabolic complications, such as metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-hyperglycemic, anti-dyslipidemic, and anti-inflammatory effects of Grape-seed oil in diabetic rats. Materials and methods: 16 streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats were used in this study. Diabetic rats were randomly allocated to either of two groups (n = 8): diabetic rats treated with grape-seed oil or diabetic control. Grape-seed oil (GSO) (25 mg/kg BW) was administered orally for 40 days, and at the end, blood samples were taken directly from the heart. Results: Diabetic rats treated with oil compared to control diabetic rats demonstrated a significant (p = 0.001) decline in serum glucose concentration. High plasma concentrations of TG, LDL, and VLDL were reduced (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively). Surprisingly, between inflammatory markers, TNF-α was significantly (p = 0.02) increased. Furthermore, GSO-treated diabetic rats experienced a significant (p = 0.014) weight gain during the study. However, total cholesterol, HDL, and CRP levels did not change significantly. Conclusion: Treatment with grape-seed oil ameliorated dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia in diabetic rats. However, further investigations in peculiar clinical studies are required.</p

The effect of grape-seed oil on diabetes-related hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and inflammation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Background: Grape-seed oil has diverse biological functions and is beneficial in treating metabolic complications, such as metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-hyperglycemic, anti-dyslipidemic, and anti-inflammatory effects of Grape-seed oil in diabetic rats. Materials and methods: 16 streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats were used in this study. Diabetic rats were randomly allocated to either of two groups (n = 8): diabetic rats treated with grape-seed oil or diabetic control. Grape-seed oil (GSO) (25 mg/kg BW) was administered orally for 40 days, and at the end, blood samples were taken directly from the heart. Results: Diabetic rats treated with oil compared to control diabetic rats demonstrated a significant (p = 0.001) decline in serum glucose concentration. High plasma concentrations of TG, LDL, and VLDL were reduced (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively). Surprisingly, between inflammatory markers, TNF-α was significantly (p = 0.02) increased. Furthermore, GSO-treated diabetic rats experienced a significant (p = 0.014) weight gain during the study. However, total cholesterol, HDL, and CRP levels did not change significantly. Conclusion: Treatment with grape-seed oil ameliorated dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia in diabetic rats. However, further investigations in peculiar clinical studies are required.</p

The effect of grape-seed oil on diabetes-related hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and inflammation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Background: Grape-seed oil has diverse biological functions and is beneficial in treating metabolic complications, such as metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-hyperglycemic, anti-dyslipidemic, and anti-inflammatory effects of Grape-seed oil in diabetic rats. Materials and methods: 16 streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats were used in this study. Diabetic rats were randomly allocated to either of two groups (n = 8): diabetic rats treated with grape-seed oil or diabetic control. Grape-seed oil (GSO) (25 mg/kg BW) was administered orally for 40 days, and at the end, blood samples were taken directly from the heart. Results: Diabetic rats treated with oil compared to control diabetic rats demonstrated a significant (p = 0.001) decline in serum glucose concentration. High plasma concentrations of TG, LDL, and VLDL were reduced (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively). Surprisingly, between inflammatory markers, TNF-α was significantly (p = 0.02) increased. Furthermore, GSO-treated diabetic rats experienced a significant (p = 0.014) weight gain during the study. However, total cholesterol, HDL, and CRP levels did not change significantly. Conclusion: Treatment with grape-seed oil ameliorated dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia in diabetic rats. However, further investigations in peculiar clinical studies are required.</p

The effect of grape-seed oil on diabetes-related hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and inflammation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Background: Grape-seed oil has diverse biological functions and is beneficial in treating metabolic complications, such as metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-hyperglycemic, anti-dyslipidemic, and anti-inflammatory effects of Grape-seed oil in diabetic rats. Materials and methods: 16 streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats were used in this study. Diabetic rats were randomly allocated to either of two groups (n = 8): diabetic rats treated with grape-seed oil or diabetic control. Grape-seed oil (GSO) (25 mg/kg BW) was administered orally for 40 days, and at the end, blood samples were taken directly from the heart. Results: Diabetic rats treated with oil compared to control diabetic rats demonstrated a significant (p = 0.001) decline in serum glucose concentration. High plasma concentrations of TG, LDL, and VLDL were reduced (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively). Surprisingly, between inflammatory markers, TNF-α was significantly (p = 0.02) increased. Furthermore, GSO-treated diabetic rats experienced a significant (p = 0.014) weight gain during the study. However, total cholesterol, HDL, and CRP levels did not change significantly. Conclusion: Treatment with grape-seed oil ameliorated dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia in diabetic rats. However, further investigations in peculiar clinical studies are required.</p

Effect of CO2 Laser on the Prevention of White Spot Lesions During Fixed Orthodontic Treatment: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Objective:This study aimed to assess the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) laser on prevention of white spot lesions (WSLs) associated with fixed orthodontic treatment.Methods:In this parallel controlled trial, 554 maxillary anterior teeth in 95 patients with age range of 12-30 years were included. The samples were randomly divided in two groups: 1) CO2 laser (n=278) and 2) control (n=276) groups. Following bracket attachment, the teeth in the laser group were exposed to CO2 laser (0.4 mw, 10.6 μm, 5 Hz) for 20 s, and the control group received placebo light. Incidence, severity, and extent of the lesions were assessed in four surface regions (gingival, incisal, mesial, and distal) at baseline and 6 months post-irradiation. The inter-group comparison was performed by the Mann-Whitney U test and McNemar analysis.Results:A significant difference regarding WSLs incidence in all teeth was observed between the two study groups (p<0.001). The two study groups illustrated a significant difference in lesion extent and incidence in incisal, mesial, and distal regions (p<0.05). The WSLs were significantly different in terms of severity in the incisal and mesial sites (p<0.05).Conclusion:The CO2 laser irradiation seemed to effectively prevent incidence of WSLs. In addition, its effectiveness varied depending on the surface region

Clinical, epidemiological, and mycological features of patients with candidemia: Experience in two tertiary referral centers in Iran

Background and purpose: Candidemia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy and those hospitalized with serious underlying diseases. Here, we investigated the epidemiological, clinical, and mycological features of candidemia in Tehran, Iran. Materials and methods: A prospective observational study of all patients diagnosed with candidemia was performed at two referral teaching hospitals in Tehran, Iran, from February to December 2018. Demographic characteristics, underlying diseases, risk factors, clinical symptoms, and laboratory analyses of candidemic patients with positive culture were mined. Candida isolates were molecularly identified by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2). The antifungal susceptibility testing for fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, amphotericin B, caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin against the isolates was performed using CLSI broth microdilution reference method (M27-A3). Results: A total of 89 episodes were identified, with an incidence of 2.1 episodes/1000 admissions. The common underling disease were malignancy (46%), renal failure/dialysis (44%), and hypertension (40%). The overall crude mortality was 47%. C. albicans (44%) was the most frequent causative agent, followed by C. glabrata (21%), C. parapsilosis complex (15%), C. tropicalis (11%), and C. lusitaniae (3.5%). All the isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B. The activity of all four azoles was low against non-albicans Candida species, especially C. tropicalis. Conclusion: The increase in non-albicans Candida species with reduced susceptibility to antifungal drugs might be alarming in high-risk patients. Therefore, accurate knowledge of predisposing factors and epidemiological patterns in candidemia are effective steps for managing and decreasing the mortality rate in candidemia.This study has been funded and supported by Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Grant no. 99-2-99-48944).S

Comparison of Different Orthognathic Surgeries Impact on Pharyngeal Airway Space in CL III Patients

Introduction: This study sought to compare the changes in the pharyngeal airway space, hyoid bone position, tongue, soft palate, and retro-lingual soft tissues following three different orthognathic surgeries on class III patients. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 75 skeletal class III patients. The predictor variable was the type of orthognathic surgery namely mandibular setback, maxillary impaction &amp; mandibular setback and maxillary advancement &amp; mandibular setback (25 patients in each group). The primary outcome variables were the dimensions of the pharyngeal airway space and retrolingual region, measured preoperatively and at least one year postoperatively. Cephalometric landmarks were also measured. Pre- and post-operative cephalograms were superimposed based on the S-N line with registration at the S-point. Results: When considering the changes in the whole sample (75 cases), significant changes were found in oropharyngeal length (UMPW, VLPW), tongue height (H-VT), horizontal position of vallecula (V_C3) and horizontal position of the hyoid bone. The only significant difference noted, was the tongue height and vertical position of hyoid between the three groups. Conclusion: Orthognathic surgery significantly affects the oropharyngeal space and position of the tongue and hyoid bone. The three types of Orthognathic surgeries on class III patients caused different effects on oropharyngeal space, tongue and hyoid position with a significant impact on tongue height in maxillary advancement plus mandibular setback