Vibration and noise characteristics of hook type olive harvesters

The objective of this study was to obtain and evaluate the vibration and noise characteristics of portable hook type mechanical olive harvesters. Experiments included five hook type olive harvesters. In this study, the vibration and sound pressure levels of different harvesters were measured at idling and full load condition. The vibration levels on the handle grip of harvesters were measured and analyzed for both operator’s right and left hand, respectively. The sound pressure level was measured at ear level of the operator. The frequency weighting acceleration was calculated. The vibration total value was expressed as the root-mean-square (rms) of three component values. The acceleration values vary between 5.52 and 39.15 ms-2 for right hand and 4.18 and 61.01 ms-2 for left hand. The equivalent noise pressure levels of the harvesters were measured between 91 and 103 dB (A) in the full loading conditions and between 67 and 80 dB (A) idling working conditions.Key words: Olive harvester, vibration, noise, ha

Inhibition Effects of Amides on the Corrosion of Copper in 1.0 M HCl: Theoretical and Experimental Studies

The corrosion inhibition effects of benzamide (BA) and 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide (ABSA) for copper in 1.0 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution were investigated using potentiodynamic polarization, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and potentiostatic current-time curves. The Langmuir adsorption isotherms of the inhibitors were used to explain the adsorption behavior. In addition, surface analysis of copper was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the inhibition efficiency of ABSA was much better than those of BA. The theoretical study on the corrosion inhibition efficiencies for neutral and protonated forms of the BA and ABSA molecules were performed using density functional theory (DFT) and MP2 method in gas and water phases.The corrosion inhibition effects of benzamide (BA) and 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide (ABSA) for copper in 1.0 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution were investigated using potentiodynamic polarization, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and potentiostatic current-time curves. The Langmuir adsorption isotherms of the inhibitors were used to explain the adsorption behavior. In addition, surface analysis of copper was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the inhibition efficiency of ABSA was much better than those of BA. The theoretical study on the corrosion inhibition efficiencies for neutral and protonated forms of the BA and ABSA molecules were performed using density functional theory (DFT) and MP2 method in gas and water phases.</p

Dental malpractice cases in Turkey during 1991-2000.

Objectives: Doctors can face punitive and legal consequences if patients are not satisfied with the medical treatment. The purpose of this study is to provide a database for dental malpractice cases in Turkey. Methods: This study is based on the decisions of High Health Council (HHC) in medical malpractice cases. Between 1991 and 2000, 1548 decisions were made by the HHC. 14 (0.9%) of these decisions were related to dentistry. This study examines the 8 decisions under which the dentists are found to be at fault. Results: As three of these cases are based on the same facts they are examined together. Of the dentists consulted on 11 decisions, nine were male and two were female. In four cases the HHC gave its expert opinion before the trial, in five cases during criminal trial and in two cases during compensation trial. In five cases patients received surgical treatment, in four cases prosthetic treatment and in two cases endodontic treatment. Nine of these treatments were carried out at private dental practice. In eight reported decisions negligence and inadequate treatment were identified. Most of negligence was caused during surgical intervention. In two cases, treatments resulted in death. Conclusions: Like all other medical staff dentists are under the obligation to comply with the legal rules in the country they practice. They also have to consider ethical principles as well as the acceptable standards and protocols of diagnosis and treatment. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd and AFP. All rights reserved

Microstructure and Corrosion Behaviour of Carbon Steel and Ferritic and Austenitic Stainless Steels in NaCl Solutions and the Effect of p-Nitrophenyl Phosphate Disodium Salt

The microstructure and corrosion behavior of carbon steel (CSA516) and ferritic (SS410) and austenitic (SS304L) stainless steels were studied and compared. Corrosion tests were carried out in 0.5 M NaCl solutions. Rates of corrosion were monitored based on weight loss, Tafel extrapolation and linear polarization resistance (LPR) methods. Rates of corrosion were ranked following the order: CSA516 >> SS410 > 55304L. The impact of p-Nitrophenyl phosphate disodium salt (NPP) on the corrosion rate of CSA516 was also studied using Tafel polarization and LPR measurements. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to assess the chemical compositions and morphologies of the corroded and inhibited surfaces. FT-IR analyses were also performed to assess the functional groups of the inhibited sample in a comparison with NPP itself. XPS and FT-IR studies revealed the presence of phosphate groups originating from tested inhibitor, thus proving formation of the protective layer on the steel surface. The microstructural and defect investigations of as-polished, corroded, and inhibited CSA516 samples were also carried out using positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) and positron annihilation Doppler broadening (PADB) techniques. Experimental findings revealed that NPP acted as an efficient mixed-type inhibitor with anodic predominance. It reached about 97% inhibition efficiency at a low concentration of 0.02M.The microstructure and corrosion behavior of carbon steel (CSA516) and ferritic (SS410) and austenitic (SS304L) stainless steels were studied and compared. Corrosion tests were carried out in 0.5 M NaCl solutions. Rates of corrosion were monitored based on weight loss, Tafel extrapolation and linear polarization resistance (LPR) methods. Rates of corrosion were ranked following the order: CSA516 &gt;&gt; SS410 &gt; SS304L. The impact of p-Nitrophenyl phosphate disodium salt (NPP) on the corrosion rate of CSA516 was also studied using Tafel polarization and LPR measurements. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to assess the chemical compositions and morphologies of the corroded and inhibited surfaces. FT-IR analyses were also performed to assess the functional groups of the inhibited sample in a comparison with NPP itself. XPS and FT-IR studies revealed the presence of phosphate groups originating from tested inhibitor, thus proving formation of the protective layer on the steel surface. The microstructural and defect investigations of as-polished, corroded, and inhibited CSA516 samples were also carried out using positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) and positron annihilation Doppler broadening (PADB) techniques. Experimental findings revealed that NPP acted as an efficient mixed-type inhibitor with anodic predominance. It reached about 97% inhibition efficiency at a low concentration of 0.02M.&nbsp;</p

Microstructure and Corrosion Behaviour of Carbon Steel and Ferritic and Austenitic Stainless Steels in NaCl Solutions and the Effect of p-Nitrophenyl Phosphate Disodium Salt

The microstructure and corrosion behavior of carbon steel (CSA516) and ferritic (SS410) and austenitic (SS304L) stainless steels were studied and compared. Corrosion tests were carried out in 0.5 M NaCl solutions. Rates of corrosion were monitored based on weight loss, Tafel extrapolation and linear polarization resistance (LPR) methods. Rates of corrosion were ranked following the order: CSA516 >> SS410 > 55304L. The impact of p-Nitrophenyl phosphate disodium salt (NPP) on the corrosion rate of CSA516 was also studied using Tafel polarization and LPR measurements. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to assess the chemical compositions and morphologies of the corroded and inhibited surfaces. FT-IR analyses were also performed to assess the functional groups of the inhibited sample in a comparison with NPP itself. XPS and FT-IR studies revealed the presence of phosphate groups originating from tested inhibitor, thus proving formation of the protective layer on the steel surface. The microstructural and defect investigations of as-polished, corroded, and inhibited CSA516 samples were also carried out using positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) and positron annihilation Doppler broadening (PADB) techniques. Experimental findings revealed that NPP acted as an efficient mixed-type inhibitor with anodic predominance. It reached about 97% inhibition efficiency at a low concentration of 0.02M.The microstructure and corrosion behavior of carbon steel (CSA516) and ferritic (SS410) and austenitic (SS304L) stainless steels were studied and compared. Corrosion tests were carried out in 0.5 M NaCl solutions. Rates of corrosion were monitored based on weight loss, Tafel extrapolation and linear polarization resistance (LPR) methods. Rates of corrosion were ranked following the order: CSA516 &gt;&gt; SS410 &gt; SS304L. The impact of p-Nitrophenyl phosphate disodium salt (NPP) on the corrosion rate of CSA516 was also studied using Tafel polarization and LPR measurements. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to assess the chemical compositions and morphologies of the corroded and inhibited surfaces. FT-IR analyses were also performed to assess the functional groups of the inhibited sample in a comparison with NPP itself. XPS and FT-IR studies revealed the presence of phosphate groups originating from tested inhibitor, thus proving formation of the protective layer on the steel surface. The microstructural and defect investigations of as-polished, corroded, and inhibited CSA516 samples were also carried out using positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) and positron annihilation Doppler broadening (PADB) techniques. Experimental findings revealed that NPP acted as an efficient mixed-type inhibitor with anodic predominance. It reached about 97% inhibition efficiency at a low concentration of 0.02M.&nbsp;</p