Demo-scale production of protein-rich fungal biomass from potato protein liquor for use as innovative food and feed products

Innovative food and feed products have recently attracted the attention of both producers and consumers. Filamentous fungi are important biomass producers with their high protein contents. In this study, fungal biomass production from edible potato protein liquor (PPL), generated during starch production processes, was investigated through different fungal strains (Rhizopus oryzae, R. oligosporus, R. delemar, Aspergillus oryzae and Neurospora intermedia). The effects of PPL concentration, incubation time, initial pH, and cultivation conditions (in shake flaks and different scale reactors) were examined to determine the amount of biomass and its crude protein level. It was determined that the fungal biomass produced by R. delemar in industrial scale contained 53% crude protein. For this strain, the amino acid and fatty acid profiles as well as metals (iron, manganese, copper, and zinc) of the produced biomass were also investigated to assess possible use as a food or feed source. The R. delemar fungal biomass can be a promising raw material for feed and food production, for example, considering its protein and fatty acid profiles with 41% essential amino acids and 33% polyunsaturated fatty acids

Bacillales: From Taxonomy to Biotechnological and Industrial Perspectives

first_page settings Order Article Reprints Open AccessReview Bacillales: From Taxonomy to Biotechnological and Industrial Perspectives by Sharareh Harirchi 1 [ORCID] , Taner Sar 1 [ORCID] , Mohaddaseh Ramezani 2, Habibu Aliyu 3 [ORCID] , Zahra Etemadifar 4 [ORCID] , Seyed Ali Nojoumi 5,6 [ORCID] , Fatemeh Yazdian 7, Mukesh Kumar Awasthi 8 [ORCID] and Mohammad J. Taherzadeh 1,* [ORCID] 1 Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden 2 Microorganisms Bank, Iranian Biological Resource Centre (IBRC), Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran 3 Institute of Process Engineering in Life Science II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany 4 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran 5 Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran 6 Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran 7 Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439957131, Iran 8 College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3#, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Microorganisms 2022, 10(12), 2355; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122355 Received: 26 October 2022 / Revised: 18 November 2022 / Accepted: 21 November 2022 / Published: 28 November 2022 (This article belongs to the Section Microbial Biotechnology) Download Browse Figure Versions Notes Abstract For a long time, the genus Bacillus has been known and considered among the most applicable genera in several fields. Recent taxonomical developments resulted in the identification of more species in Bacillus-related genera, particularly in the order Bacillales (earlier heterotypic synonym: Caryophanales), with potential application for biotechnological and industrial purposes such as biofuels, bioactive agents, biopolymers, and enzymes. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the taxonomy, growth requirements and physiology, genomics, and metabolic pathways in the highly diverse bacterial order, Bacillales, will facilitate a more robust designing and sustainable production of strain lines relevant to a circular economy. This paper is focused principally on less-known genera and their potential in the order Bacillales for promising applications in the industry and addresses the taxonomical complexities of this order. Moreover, it emphasizes the biotechnological usage of some engineered strains of the order Bacillales. The elucidation of novel taxa, their metabolic pathways, and growth conditions would make it possible to drive industrial processes toward an upgraded functionality based on the microbial nature

Antimicrobial Activities of Olive Oil Mill Wastewater Extracts against Selected Microorganisms

Discovering eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic chemicals has become an increasingly popular area of research. Natural products are now in the spotlight for their potential use as replacements for synthetic chemicals. To maximize the benefits of these natural products, it is important to use efficient extraction methods, especially from agroindustrial waste. Olive oil mill wastewater (OOMW) is a byproduct of the olive oil production process and is considered a pollutant; however, OOMW contains a wide range of phenolic compounds that have proven antimicrobial properties. This study investigates the extraction of these compounds from OOMW, with the aim of determining their potential antimicrobial activities against several bacterial strains and fungi, including Bacillus spizizenii, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella aerogenes, Streptococcus uberis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. The OOMW extracts (OEs) were prepared by using three different solvents: ethyl acetate, ethanol, and methanol. The highest total phenolic contents (4.03 g, GAE/L) and the strongest antibacterial activity were obtained with methanol extraction. All OEs showed no antifungal activity against C. albicans. OEs, particularly methanol extracts of OOMW, can be used as bioactive substances in various industries as nutraceuticals and food ingredients, respectively

Biorecovering of phenolic-rich compounds from food industry wastes

In food industry, abundant fruit/vegetable byproducts (peel, seed, etc.) have been generated and released into the environment. These wastes can be considered as a largely available, low-cost source of value-added compounds. Among these, phenolic compounds are well-known for their beneficial effects on human health. Effective extraction methodologies are required for recovery of these phenolic compounds from agri-food wastes. These extracts can be used used as natural antimicrobials in pharmacology or disinfectants in food processing plants. In this work, pomegranate peel extracts were prepared by using different solvents to obtain high amount of phenolic-rich compounds. The pomegranate peel extracts were also tested against some important food pathogens to determine their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. Pomegranate peel extracts having high amount of phenolic compounds had higher antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. As a result, phenolic-rich bioactive compounds can be recovered from food industry wastes and used as natural antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents. Thus, food industry wastes, especially fruit wastes, can be integrated into the extraction process and use in food, pharmacology, cosmetic and medicine industries.

Potential antifungal effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of different sizes against phytopathogenic Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL) strains

Fusarium species are the primary fungal pathogen affecting agricultural foodstuffs both in crop yield and economic loss. Due to these problems, control of phytopathogenic fungi has become one of the critical problems around the World. Nanotechnology is a new technology with potential in many fields, including agriculture. This study focused on determining potential effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with different nanosizes (3, 5, 8 and 10 nm) and at different concentrations (12.5–100 ppm) against phytopathogenic Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL) strains. The maximum antifungal activity was achieved by decreasing nanosize and increasing concentration of AgNPs. Mycelium growth abilities were decreased about 50%, 75% and 90% by AgNPs treatment with 3 nm sizes at 25 ppm, 37.5 ppm and 50 ppm concentrations, respectively. The productivity of fungal biomass in the liquid growth media was found to be too limited at the 25–37.5 ppm of AgNPs concentrations with all sizes. In addition, both septation number and dimensions of micro- and macroconidia were found to be gradually decreased with the application of silver nanoparticles. This work showed that the low concentration of AgNPs could be used as potential antifungal agents and applied for control of phytopathogens

Evaluation of the Vegetation Period According to Climate Change Scenarios: A Case Study in the Inner West Anatolia Subregion of Turkey*

In this research, 15 meteorological stations located in western Anatolia in Turkey were investigated for determining temperature properties. The vegetation season has been determined according to days when the daily temperature was greater than or equal to 8°C. The research area has 3 different vegetation durations as longer (more than 225 days in the western and southern parts), moderate (210-220 days in plateaus around Uşak, Gediz and Demirci), and shorter (180-195 days in the eastern part and less than 180 days in mountainous areas). Then, the vegetation has been reinvestigated according to climate change scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5). For this purpose, the daily mean temperatures were raised by 2.6°C and 4.8°C for RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, respectively. In the reinvestigation period, the vegetation period will increase about 15-20 days or over 40 days according to RCP 4.5 and 8.5, respectively. Along with the increase in temperature throughout the research area, growing seasons will be significantly affected, beginning and ending dates of vegetation would shift. Owing to climate change effects, mountainous areas may be affected more than low-altitude areas. As a conclusion due to the result of increasing temperature, plant development and distribution will be affected, and new plant species may occu

Conversion of fish processing wastewater into fish feed ingredients through submerged cultivation of Aspergillus oryzae

Fish processing towards production of fillet gives rise to wastewater streams that are ultimately directed to biogas production and/or wastewater treatment. However, these wastewater streams are rich in minerals, fat, and proteins that can be converted to protein-rich feed ingredients through submerged cultivation of edible filamentous fungi. In this study, the origin of wastewater stream, initial pH, cultivation time, and extent of washing during sieving, were found to influence the amount of recovered material from the wastewater streams and its protein content, following cultivation with Aspergillus oryzae. Through cultivation of the filamentous fungus in sludge, 330 kg of material per ton of COD were recovered by sieving, corresponding to 121 kg protein per ton of COD, while through its cultivation in salt brine, 210 kg of material were recovered per ton of COD, corresponding to 128 kg protein per ton of COD. Removal ranges of 12–43%, 39–92%, and 32–66% for COD, total solids, and nitrogen, respectively, were obtained after A. oryzae growth and harvesting in the wastewater streams. Therefore, the present study shows the versatility that the integration of fungal cultivation provides to fish processing industries, and should be complemented by economic, environmental, and feeding studies, in order to reveal the most promising valorization strategy

Investigation of growth properties of Paenibacillus strains in the presence of 2-HBP

Crude oil and fossil fuels contain sulphur compounds. Consumption of these compounds could cause acid rain and environmental pollution. Dibenzothiophene (DBT) is considered as model compound for investigation of fossil fuel desulphurization. This compound is converted to 2-HBP following bio-desulphurization (BDS) by 4S pathway. This work aimed to investigate bacterial growth properties in the presence of 2-HBP which is a final product of DBT desulphurization. For this, two Paenibacillus strains (32 O-W and 32 O-Y) were incubated in 2-HBP (to give the final concentrations at 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mM) containing growth media. Although the OD600 value of the 32 O-W strain was low at all 2-HBP concentrations, the 32 O-Y strain could survive, and its OD levels were 3–4 fold higher than 32 O-W strain. As a result, it can be interpreted that the final products of DBT metabolism did not too toxic, and thus bio-desulfurization can be successfully completed by Paenibacillus strains. Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK, 118Y416)

Bioprocessing strategies to increase the protein fraction of Rhizopus oryzae biomass using fish industry sidestreams

The sidestreams produced during fish processing end in a separation tank where the resulting fractions follow biogas production or wastewater treatment. These streams can alternatively be used for production of protein-rich fungal biomass for e.g. fish feed applications, a product in increasing demand. These streams and upper streams originated during fish processing were used in this study for production of biomass using the edible filamentous fungus Rhizopus oryzae. The COD of the streams varied between 11 and 54 kg/m3 and, after fungal conversion of organic matter into protein-rich biomass and separation, a reduction of 34–69% was achieved. The stream origin had an effect on the final production and composition of the fungal biomass: 480 kg of biomass containing 33% protein per ton of COD were produced after cultivation in the separation tank streams, while 220 kg of biomass containing 62% protein per ton of COD were produced in upper sidestreams with lower amounts of suspended solids. Changing the initial pH (6.1–6.5) to 5.0 had a negative influence on the amount of biomass produced while medium supplementation had no influence. Thus, fish processing sidestreams can be diverted from biogas production and wastewater treatment to the production of protein-rich biomass for feed applications.