Storage characteristics of solar-dried Indian mackerel

Fresh Rastrelliger kanagurta (Indian mackerel) was thoroughly washed, eviscerated, cleaned and salted overnight with dry salt (fish : salt :: 5:1). Salted mackerel was dried in solar drier and on cement floor under direct sun for three days. The temperature inside the drier was 948°C higher than the ambient temperature. The rate of drying was higher in solar drier than on cement floor. The dried fish packed in 300-gauge polythene bags was subjected to biochemical, microbiological and organoleptic evaluation at regular intervals to assess the storage life. The overall quality of fish dried in solar drier was better than that of the fish dried on cement floor under direct sun

Dietary Zinc and Cobalt Requirements of Fry of Seabass (Lates calcarifer) and Catfish (Clarias batrachus)

An 8-week experiment was conducted to determine the cobalt and zinc requirements of fry of seabass (Lates calcarifer) and catfish (Clarias batrachus). Fifteen diets for each fish were formulated with varying concentrations of cobalt and zinc, alone and in combination. The control diet was not supplemented with cobalt or zinc. The diets for L. calcarifer had 45% protein, while the diets for C. batrachus had 30%. The diet that produced the best growth for L. calcarifer (1100%) contained 2.5 mg Co + 45 mg Zn/kg diet and for C. batrachus (1149%) contained 5 mg Co + 30 mg Zn/kg. Growth in the control L. calcarifer was 738% and in the control C. batrachus was 428%. For both species, the food conversion ratios were best in the above diets, 1.17±0.52 for L. calcarifer and 1.40±0.62 for C. batrachus as opposed to 1.89±0.39 and 2.54±0.61 for the respective controls

Detecting changes and health status of mangrove forest in Achara estuary, Maraharashtra using remote sensing and GIS

Mangrove forests protect the Western coast of Maharashtra from natural disasters striking from seaward and riverside. The quantity and quality of mangroves were influenced by the morphological and hydraulic characteristics of estuaries. The study aims to identify the Spatio-temporal changes that took place in the mangrove forest of Achara estuary in the last four decades since 1989. It also highlights the zonal horizontal distribution of mangrove land from its mouths to the head of the estuary. Most of the mangroves concentrate in the zone that comprises the area of 1-3 km from the mouth. A gain of 39.17% of the mangrove area shows the growth of mangroves in the study area during this period. NDVI value, which ranges from 0.123 to 0.560, acknowledged the dense and healthy status of mangroves in Achara estuary

Patient induced unusual metallic obturation of the root canal of permanent maxillary central incisor with an immature apex – A rare case report

AbstractDiscovery of multiple foreign objects in the root canal is unusual and their removal is often difficult and challenging procedure. Entrapment of the foreign object in the pulp chamber or in root canal usually occur accidentally in children with the habit of chewing or placing various objects in the oral cavity. Clinically it was often encountered in tooth with wide carious lesion, exposed pulp chamber due to trauma or tooth left open for the drainage during root canal treatment. This impacted foreign body may act as a potential source of pain or infection. The attempt to retrieve such foreign object from the root canal with immature apex increases the risk of its displacement into periapical area. The present case report describes an unusual case of a patient with two metallic sewing needles inadvertently broken down in the root canal of the permanent maxillary left central incisor and it׳s successful retrieval by non-surgical endodontic treatment

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF UV SPECTROSCOPIC METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF LAMIVUDINE IN TABLET DOSAGE FORM

Objective: To develop and validate simple, rapid, linear, accurate, precise and economical UV Spectroscopic method for estimation of Lamivudine in tablet dosage form.Methods: The drug is freely soluble in analytical grade water. The drug was identified in terms of solubility studies and on the basis of melting point done on melting point apparatus of Equiptronics. It showed absorption maxima were determined in analytical grade water. The drug obeyed the Beer's law and showed a good correlation of concentration with absorption which reflects in linearity. The UV spectroscopic method was developed for estimation of lamivudine in tablet dosage form and also validated as per ICH guidelines.Results: The drug is freely soluble in analytical grade water, slightly soluble in methanol and practically insoluble in acetone. So, the analytical grade water is used as a diluent in the method. The melting point of lamivudine was found to be 160-161˚C (uncorrected). It showed absorption maxima 268 nm in analytical grade water. On the basis of the absorption spectrum, the working concentration was set on 10µg/ml (PPM). The linearity was observed between 6-14 μg/ml (PPM). The results of the analysis were validated by recovery studies. The recovery was found to be 98.7, 101 and 99.2% for three levels respectively. The % RSD for precision was found to be 0.62%.Conclusion: A simple, rapid, linear, accurate, precise and economical UV Spectroscopic method has been developed for estimation of Lamivudine in tablet dosage form. The method could be considered for the determination of Lamivudine in quality control laboratories

NEEDLELESS INJECTION SYSTEM: AN OVERVIEW

Needle-less injections are designed to solve the problem associated with hypodermic needle injection. Needle-less injection system was first introduced by Marshell Lockhart in1936. Needle-less system is based on the principle of electrophoresis to deliver the medicament through the skin. This devices are easy to use, it does not required any skilled person. This review is inclined on the needle-less injection system which gives detail information about advantages, disadvantages of the system. This review describes needle-free injection technology involving the generation of force by using compressed gas upon actuation in order to deliver a drug at very high speed through a nozzle. This review also gives brief knowledge about the components. This review also gives brief information about injection methods i. e. spring load jet injector, battery powdered jet injector, and gas powdered jet injector

A REVIEW ON FUNCTIONAL COMPARISON OF 5-HT1A AND 5-HT2C RECEPTORS

5-HT neurotransmission system is targeted by drugs useful in behavioural disorders, including anxiety, depression, psychosis and eating disorders. 5-HT1A autoreceptors, located on 5-HT neurones of the midbrain raphe nuclei, are coupled to K channels through a pertusis toxin-sensitive G-protein. 5-HT1A receptor agonists inhibit adenylyl cyclase, while 5-HT2C receptor agonists activate two signal transduction pathways coupled with these receptors. 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors have lots potential in treating the disorders with less or no side effects. Keywords: 5-HT1A, 5-HT2C, Receptor

Effects of Selected Levels of Water pH on the Growth and Survival of Swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri) Larvae

Larvae of swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri) were exposed to pH levels of 5.5, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, and 8.5 to study growth and survival under laboratory conditions for 42 days. The larvae were fed formulated dry pellets at 7% of their body weight. The growth and survival rates were highest at pH 8.0 and 8.5, while mortality was complete at pH 5.5. In all treatments, the specific growth rate was higher in the first week and decreased in subsequent weeks. Thus, for swordtail larvae, the pH of the water should be between 8.0 and 8.5