AS TRANSFORMAÇÕES NAS PAUTAS DA REFORMA URBANA E DO DIREITO À CIDADE: VOZES E PRÁTICAS SOCIAIS DE MOVIMENTOS E TERRITÓRIOS POPULARES NA RMBH

This article explores the transformations of social demands in popular territories that inform the emerging challenges and the consequent forms of collective action of social movements in the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte (RMBH). From the meetings of researchers and social activists in a training course, we analyze the articulation between the updated agendas and the ideas of Urban Reform and the Right to the City. The meetings promote discussions from the perspective of social movements on urban reform and the right to the city, in addition to disseminating practices that these actors build in their daily activities. The debates held during the course indicate a plurality of agendas and a hybridization of struggles for urban reform and the right to the city. Although historically guided by the housing issue, today there is a broad panorama of interests and needs that are articulated in the practices of social movements. Urban agroecology, for example, is linked to health, food security, the environment, and job and income generation. The scope of action of social movements has expanded towards the integration of agendas. This work contributes to advancing the analysis of the agents, interests and collective actions of social movements in the RMBH.Este artigo explora as transformações das demandas sociais em territórios populares que informam os desafios emergentes e as consequentes formas de ação coletiva de movimentos sociais na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (RMBH). A partir dos encontros de pesquisadores e ativistas sociais em um curso de formação, analisamos a articulação entre as pautas atualizadas e o ideário da Reforma Urbana e do Direito à Cidade. Os encontros promovem discussões a partir da perspectiva dos movimentos sociais sobre a reforma urbana e o direito à cidade, além de difundir práticas que esses atores empregam em suas atividades cotidianas. Os debates realizados no curso indicam uma pluralidade de pautas e uma hibridização das lutas pela reforma urbana e pelo direito à cidade. Apesar de historicamente guiadas pela questão habitacional, hoje nota-se um amplo panorama de interesses e necessidades que são articuladas nas práticas dos movimentos sociais. À agroecologia urbana, por exemplo, vinculam-se saúde, segurança alimentar, meio ambiente e geração de emprego e renda. O escopo de ação dos movimentos sociais tem se ampliado na direção da integração das pautas. O presente trabalho contribui para avançar na análise sobre os agentes, interesses e ações coletivas de movimentos sociais da RMBH. &nbsp

Avaliação de fluxos de calor e evapotranspiração pelo modelo SEBAL com uso de dados do sensor ASTER

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of SEBAL model in estimating soil surface energy fluxes and daily evapotranspiration for a large area of irrigated rice farms, near the municipality of Paraíso do Sul, RS, Brazil, using data from ASTER sensor. The evaluated variables are important weather and climatic parameters for agrometeorological studies and rationalization of water use. The conventional methodologies for estimating these parameters generally present uncertainties, which increase when concern is in the spatial behavior of such parameters. The Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) was applied in an Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) scene and the estimates were compared to micrometeorological data retrieved from a station located in the studied area. The most accurate modeled parameter estimatives were sensitive heat and evapotranspiration, and the one which presented the highest error was soil heat flux. The adopted methodology was able to reproduce surface energy fluxes for agrometeorological and crop yield studies.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência da aplicação do modelo SEBAL em estimar os fluxos de energia em superfície e a evapotranspiração diária, numa extensa área de cultivo de arroz irrigado, no município de Paraíso do Sul, RS, tendo como parâmetros dados do sensor ASTER. As variáveis estudadas constituem importantes parâmetros do tempo e do clima em estudos agrometeorológicos e de racionalização no uso da água. As metodologias convencionais de estimativa desses parâmetros são pontuais e geralmente apresentam incertezas, que aumentam quando o interesse é o comportamento espacial desses parâmetros. Aplicou-se o algoritmo "Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land" (SEBAL), em uma imagem do sensor "Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer" (ASTER). As estimativas obtidas foram comparadas com medições em campo, realizadas por uma estação micrometeorológica localizada no interior da área de estudo. As estimativas mais precisas foram as de fluxo de calor sensível e de evapotranspiração diária, e a estimativa que apresentou maior erro foi a do fluxo de calor no solo. A metodologia empregada foi capaz de reproduzir os fluxos de energia em superfície de maneira satisfatória para estudos agrometeorológicos e de rendimento de culturas

A remote sensing-based method to assess water level fluctuations in wetlands in southern Brazil.

The characterization of water level fluctuations is crucial to explain the hydrological processes that contribute to the maintenance of the structure and function of wetlands. The aim of this study was to develop a method based on remote sensing to characterize and map the water level variation patterns, evapotranspiration, discharge, and rainfall over wetlands in the Gravataí River basin, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. For this purpose, ground-based measurements of rainfall, water discharge, and evapotranspiration together with satellite data were used to identify the apparent water level based on the normalized difference water index (NDWI). Our results showed that the variation of the water level followed the rainfall, water discharge, and evapotranspiration seasonal patterns in the region. The NDWI showed similar values to the ground-based data collected 10 days prior to satellite image acquisition. The proposed technique allows for quantifying the pattern of flood pulses, which play an important role for establishing the connectivity between different compartments of wetlands in the study area. We conclude that our methodology based on the use of satellite data and ground measurements was a useful proposition to analyze the water level variation patterns in an area of great importance in terms of environmental degradation and use of agriculture. The information obtained may be used as inputs in hydrologic models, allowing researchers to evaluate the impact, at both local and regional scales, caused by advance of agriculture into natural environments such as wetlands

Pre-defoliation canopy height for signal grass ‘Basilisk’ in silvopastoral systems

The objective of this study was to compare the response of Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk pastures in monoculture and silvopastoral systems (SPS), and to determine the most suitable pre-defoliation canopy height for managing this species in SPS. Four pre-defoliation canopy heights (20, 30, 40, and 50 cm) were tested for signal grass in SPS, alongside a control treatment involving defoliation at 20 cm in full sun. The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design with four replicates. The forage accumulation rate was higher in monoculture (36.5 kg ha-1 day-1 of DM) compared to the silvopastoral system (22.0 kg ha-1 day-1 of DM), and there was no significant effect of pre-defoliation canopy height within the SPS. The density of tillers in monoculture was comparable to that observed in canopies managed at a height of 50 cm within the SPS. Leaf mass and leaf percentage were maximized at heights of 40 cm and 50 cm, respectively. Neither the cultivation system nor the pre-defoliation canopy heights in the SPS influenced the fiber and protein content. Leaf accumulation and mass were higher in monoculture, but the cultivation system did not affect the chemical composition of the forage. Heights between 40 cm and 50 cm in the SPS should be used to maximize tillering, mass, and leaf percentage of signal grass ‘Basilisk’. The chemical composition of the produced forage did not undergo significant changes, neither between systems nor across pre-defoliation heights

Desirable Attributes in the Ideal Partner: Can they Vary According to Gender and Place of Residence?

Comprehending the choice of romantic partner is important in order to minimize possible problems stemming from conflictive loving relationships. This study aimed to identify to what extent the preference for desirable attributes in an ideal partner vary according to the respondent’s gender and place of residence. A total of 3,124 people from capital cities (n = 1,583) or towns (n = 1,541) of the nine states of the Brazilian Northeast region participated in the study, with a mean age of 23.6 years (sd = 6.72) and 63.6% female. They answered the Desirable Attributes of the Ideal Partner Scale and demographic questions. Results (Manova) indicated differences in the desirable attributes in an ideal partner according to gender: the men gave greater importance to the athletic dimension, while the women scored higher in the accomplished dimension. An effect was also observed related to the place of residence, with the men living in towns presenting a higher mean score in the traditional dimension, whereas the women residing in this locality gave more importance to the athletic dimension. In conclusion, the place of residence and, above all, the gender were important in explaining the variations in preferences for attributes in an ideal partner, in agreement with the literature

Avaliação de fluxos de calor e evapotranspiração pelo modelo SEBAL com uso de dados do sensor ASTER

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência da aplicação do modelo SEBAL em estimar os fluxos de energia em superfície e a evapotranspiração diária, numa extensa área de cultivo de arroz irrigado, no município de Paraíso do Sul, RS, tendo como parâmetros dados do sensor ASTER. As variáveis estudadas constituem importantes parâmetros do tempo e do clima em estudos agrometeorológicos e de racionalização no uso da água. As metodologias convencionais de estimativa desses parâmetros são pontuais e geralmente apresentam incertezas, que aumentam quando o interesse é o comportamento espacial desses parâmetros. Aplicou-se o algoritmo “Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land” (SEBAL), em uma imagem do sensor “Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer” (ASTER). As estimativas obtidas foram comparadas com medições em campo, realizadas por uma estação micrometeorológica localizada no interior da área de estudo. As estimativas mais precisas foram as de fluxo de calor sensível e de evapotranspiração diária, e a estimativa que apresentou maior erro foi a do fluxo de calor no solo. A metodologia empregada foi capaz de reproduzir os fluxos de energia em superfície de maneira satisfatória para estudos agrometeorológicos e de rendimento de culturas.The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of SEBAL model in estimating soil surface energy fluxes and daily evapotranspiration for a large area of irrigated rice farms, near the municipality of Paraíso do Sul, RS, Brazil, using data from ASTER sensor. The evaluated variables are important weather and climatic parameters for agrometeorological studies and rationalization of water use. The conventional methodologies for estimating these parameters generally present uncertainties, which increase when concern is in the spatial behavior of such parameters. The Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) was applied in an Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) scene and the estimates were compared to micrometeorological data retrieved from a station located in the studied area. The most accurate modeled parameter estimatives were sensitive heat and evapotranspiration, and the one which presented the highest error was soil heat flux. The adopted methodology was able to reproduce surface energy fluxes for agrometeorological and crop yield studies

Vocalizations of Amazon river dolphins (Inia geoffrensis) : Characterization, effect of physical environment and differences between populations

The vocal repertoire of the Amazon river dolphin and its geographic variations are still poorly known, especially in relation to ecological variables. Here the acoustic characteristics of low frequency pulsed vocalizations, with single or multiple pulses, recorded in two protected areas of the Amazon were described and differences in acoustic emissions related to water properties were analyzed. Both frequency and time parameters differ relative to abiotic condition of water turbidity. Changes in the animals’ acoustic behavior might be due to differences in sound propagation between rich-sediment water and clear water. Geographic variation was found in frequency and time parameters, requiring further investigation.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT

Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre Diagnóstico e Tratamento de Pacientes com Cardiomiopatia da Doença de Chagas

This guideline aimed to update the concepts and formulate the standards of conduct and scientific evidence that support them, regarding the diagnosis and treatment of the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease, with special emphasis on the rationality base that supported it.  Chagas disease in the 21st century maintains an epidemiological pattern of endemicity in 21 Latin American countries. Researchers and managers from endemic and non-endemic countries point to the need to adopt comprehensive public health policies to effectively control the interhuman transmission of T. cruzi infection, and to obtain an optimized level of care for already infected individuals, focusing on diagnostic and therapeutic opportunistic opportunities.   Pathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease were revisited after in-depth updating and the notion that necrosis and fibrosis are stimulated by tissue parasitic persistence and adverse immune reaction, as fundamental mechanisms, assisted by autonomic and microvascular disorders, was well established. Some of them have recently formed potential targets of therapies.  The natural history of the acute and chronic phases was reviewed, with enhancement for oral transmission, indeterminate form and chronic syndromes. Recent meta-analyses of observational studies have estimated the risk of evolution from acute and indeterminate forms and mortality after chronic cardiomyopathy. Therapeutic approaches applicable to individuals with Indeterminate form of Chagas disease were specifically addressed. All methods to detect structural and/or functional alterations with various cardiac imaging techniques were also reviewed, with recommendations for use in various clinical scenarios. Mortality risk stratification based on the Rassi score, with recent studies of its application, was complemented by methods that detect myocardial fibrosis.  The current methodology for etiological diagnosis and the consequent implications of trypanonomic treatment deserved a comprehensive and in-depth approach. Also the treatment of patients at risk or with heart failure, arrhythmias and thromboembolic events, based on pharmacological and complementary resources, received special attention. Additional chapters supported the conducts applicable to several special contexts, including t. cruzi/HIV co-infection, risk during surgeries, in pregnant women, in the reactivation of infection after heart transplantation, and others.     Finally, two chapters of great social significance, addressing the structuring of specialized services to care for individuals with the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease, and reviewing the concepts of severe heart disease and its medical-labor implications completed this guideline.Esta diretriz teve como objetivo principal atualizar os conceitos e formular as normas de conduta e evidências científicas que as suportam, quanto ao diagnóstico e tratamento da CDC, com especial ênfase na base de racionalidade que a embasou. A DC no século XXI mantém padrão epidemiológico de endemicidade em 21 países da América Latina. Investigadores e gestores de países endêmicos e não endêmicos indigitam a necessidade de se adotarem políticas abrangentes, de saúde pública, para controle eficaz da transmissão inter-humanos da infecção pelo T. cruzi, e obter-se nível otimizado de atendimento aos indivíduos já infectados, com foco em oportunização diagnóstica e terapêutica. Mecanismos patogênicos e fisiopatológicos da CDC foram revisitados após atualização aprofundada e ficou bem consolidada a noção de que necrose e fibrose sejam estimuladas pela persistência parasitária tissular e reação imune adversa, como mecanismos fundamentais, coadjuvados por distúrbios autonômicos e microvasculares. Alguns deles recentemente constituíram alvos potenciais de terapêuticas. A história natural das fases aguda e crônica foi revista, com realce para a transmissão oral, a forma indeterminada e as síndromes crônicas. Metanálises recentes de estudos observacionais estimaram o risco de evolução a partir das formas aguda e indeterminada e de mortalidade após instalação da cardiomiopatia crônica. Condutas terapêuticas aplicáveis aos indivíduos com a FIDC foram abordadas especificamente. Todos os métodos para detectar alterações estruturais e/ou funcionais com variadas técnicas de imageamento cardíaco também foram revisados, com recomendações de uso nos vários cenários clínicos. Estratificação de risco de mortalidade fundamentada no escore de Rassi, com estudos recentes de sua aplicação, foi complementada por métodos que detectam fibrose miocárdica. A metodologia atual para diagnóstico etiológico e as consequentes implicações do tratamento tripanossomicida mereceram enfoque abrangente e aprofundado. Também o tratamento de pacientes em risco ou com insuficiência cardíaca, arritmias e eventos tromboembólicos, baseado em recursos farmacológicos e complementares, recebeu especial atenção. Capítulos suplementares subsidiaram as condutas aplicáveis a diversos contextos especiais, entre eles o da co-infecção por T. cruzi/HIV, risco durante cirurgias, em grávidas, na reativação da infecção após transplante cardíacos, e outros.    Por fim, dois capítulos de grande significado social, abordando a estruturação de serviços especializados para atendimento aos indivíduos com a CDC, e revisando os conceitos de cardiopatia grave e suas implicações médico-trabalhistas completaram esta diretriz.&nbsp

Fluxos de calor na superfície e evapotranspiração diária em áreas agrícolas e de vegetação nativa na bacia do Jacuí por meio de imagens orbitais

Fluxos de energia na superfície e evapotranspiração diária constituem importantes parâmetros do tempo e do clima em estudos agrometeorológicos e de racionalização no uso da água. As metodologias convencionais de estimativa destes parâmetros são pontuais e, em geral, apresentam incertezas, as quais aumentam muito quando o interesse é o comportamento espacial desses parâmetros. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma estimativa dos fluxos de calor na superfície e da evapotranspiração para uma área extensa, que compreende regiões de cultivo de arroz no município de Paraíso do Sul – RS, a partir de informações coletadas por uma plataforma orbital. Para cumprir este objetivo, aplicou-se o algoritmo Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL), largamente referenciado na literatura nacional e internacional, em uma imagem do sensor Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), escolhido por sua refinada resolução espacial (15-90 m). Baseando-se nas informações de reflectância e emissão termal da superfície, bem como de no mínimo um registro de velocidade do vento em um pixel contido na imagem, o SEBAL é capaz de determinar, consecutivamente, saldo de radiação, fluxo de calor no solo, fluxo de calor sensível e fluxo de calor latente na superfície, através do qual é possível estimar os valores diários de evapotranspiração. As estimativas do SEBAL foram verificadas a partir dos dados de um experimento de campo iniciado em 2003 por uma equipe do Laboratório de Micrometeorologia (Lμmet), da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). Neste experimento, os sensores instalados na estação micrometeorológica coletaram dados em alta freqüência para que os fluxos de calor sensível e latente fossem determinados a partir do método das Correlações Turbulentas. Devido a problemas operacionais nos instrumentos durante o experimento, o fluxo de calor latente não pôde ser determinado para o dia da passagem do satélite. Em geral, os resultados estimados pelo SEBAL foram considerados coerentes, o que confere à metodologia utilizada um grande potencial de uso, uma vez que ela possibilita a espacialização dos fluxos energéticos em regiões onde não há disponibilidade de informações de campo.Surface energy fluxes and daily evapotranspiration are important weather and climatic parameters for agrometeorological studies and rationalisation in the use of water. The conventional methodologies for estimating these parameters generally present uncertainties, which increase when the interest is the spatial behavior of such parameters. Thus, the objective of this study was to estimate surface energy fluxes and daily evapotranspiration for a large area, which includes irrigated rice farms near of the municipality of Paraíso do Sul - RS, based on information collected by an orbital platform. In order to achieve this goal, the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) was applied in an Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) scene. ASTER collects data in high (15-90 m) spatial resolution, capability that turns the sensor into the most suitable one for retrieving surface energy fluxes. Based on information of reflectance and thermal emission from the surface and at least one wind speed record at one a pixel of the image, SEBAL is able to determine, sequentially, net radiation, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux on the surface, from which is possible to estimate daily values of evapotranspiration. SEBAL estimates were evaluated with data collected over a experimental site in 2003 by a team of Laboratory of Micrometeorology (Lμmet), from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM). In this experiment, the sensors (installed in the micrometeorological station) collected data at high frequency, so that the sensible and latent heat fluxes were determined from the eddy correlation technique. Due to operational problems in the instruments during the experiment, the latent heat flux could not be determined in the day the scene was acquired. Overall, the results estimated by SEBAL were consistent, which grants to the methodology a systematic potential for utilization, since it allows the analysis of energy balance fluxes in regions where there is no availability of field information