Consequências do uso de Cocaína na Gestação: Revisão Integrativa da Literatura.

INTRODUCTION: The gestational period brings major changes in a woman's life, causing significant changes in her body. As a result, the use and dependence on psychoactive substances represent a major concern for the various institutions and spheres of society, as it is a behavior capable of causing serious physical consequences for both the mother and the baby. OBJECTIVE: To present, according to the scientific literature, the main consequences associated with the use of cocaine during pregnancy. METHODOLOGY: This is a qualitative study, it refers to an integrative literature review, presenting a synthesis of the studies analyzed in full, organizing them for the elaboration of the results regarding the established theme, being carried out in the month of August 2023. RESULTS: In the maternal organism, cocaine causes severe vasoconstriction and, by crossing the placental barrier, this effect extends to the fetus. Much of this aggression results from the action of the drug that causes spontaneous abortion, premature labor, premature placental displacement, delayed intrauterine growth and severe chronic fetal distress. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: Therefore, it is understood that the use and dependence on licit and illicit substances, such as cocaine use, is a serious public health problem worldwide. During pregnancy, with all the changes in the mother's body, the use of the substance has serious consequences for the health of the mother and the development of the fetus, which can cause serious damage and, in more serious cases, lead to fetal death.INTRODUÇÃO: O período gestacional traz grandes transformações na vida da mulher, causando significativas modificações em seu organismo. Com isso, o uso e a dependência de substâncias psicoativas representam uma grande preocupação para as diversas instituições e esferas da sociedade, por se tratar de comportamento capaz de provocar consequências físicas graves tanto para a mãe quanto para o bebê. OBJETIVO: Apresentar, de acordo com a literatura científica,  as principais consequências associadas ao uso da cocaína no período gestacional. METODOLOGIA:Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, refere-se a uma revisão integrativa da literatura, apresentando uma síntese dos estudos analisados na íntegra, organizando-os para a elaboração dos resultados a respeito da temática estabelecida, sendo realizada no mês de agosto de 2023. RESULTADOS: No organismo materno, a cocaína provoca grave vasoconstrição e, por atravessar a barreira placentária, estende esse efeito ao feto. Boa parte dessa agressão resulta da ação da droga que ocasiona o abortamento espontâneo, o trabalho de parto prematuro, o deslocamento prematuro da placenta, o crescimento intrauterino retardado e o sofrimento fetal crônico grave. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Portanto, entende-se que o uso e a dependência das substâncias lícitas e ilícitas, como o uso da cocaína,  é um grave problema de saúde pública em todo mundo. Na gestação, com toda a mudança no organismo materno, o uso da substância traz graves consequências para a saúde da mãe e desenvolvimento do feto, podendo ocasionar graves danos e em casos mais graves, levar ao óbito fetal

Associação entre catarata e diabetes: epidemiologia, fisiopatologia e principais complicações pós-operatórias / Association between cataracts and diabetes: epidemiology, pathophysiology and main postoperative complications

O estresse oxidativo e mecanismos bioquímicos desencadeados pela hiperglicemia são fatores que irão atuar diretamente na deterioração das fibras do cristalino levando a uma opacificação da lente. Tal fato leva a uma importância de se relacionar o diabetes à catarata e faz perceber que as manifestações clínicas baseada no embaçamento da visão, prejuízo na qualidade de discernimento de cores e sensibilidade ao brilho podem estar presente nos diabéticos, sobretudo naqueles portadores de fatores de risco como a senilidade. Dessa forma, o diagnóstico clínico aliado a um exame oftalmológico detalhado irá conduzir à uma propedêutica cirúrgica baseada em técnicas como a pequena incisão manual, facoemulsificação ou a cirurgia com laser Femtosegundo. Embora as técnicas cirúrgicas se resguardem de altos níveis de sucesso, existem complicações intraoperatórias e pós-operatórias, que podem levar ao edema macular diabético, deslocamento de retina, opacificação da cápsula posterior bem como outras alterações. Assim, o estudo em questão visa, conforme as revisões epidemiológicas, clínicas, fisiopatológicas e cirúrgicas elencadas, avaliar, de acordo com a literatura atual, a relação entre duas afecções importantes na prática médica. Para isso, a busca por avaliação de técnicas cirúrgicas ao longo da terapêutica e a avaliação pós-operatória, tanto precoce quanto tardia, permitiu o recrutamento de evidências literárias para abordagem e esclarecimento das complicações previstas

EPILEPSIA EM IDOSOS: UMA REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA ACERCA DA FISIOPATOLOGIA E DOS DESAFIOS NO DIAGNÓSTICO E TRATAMENTO

  The portion of the population made up of older people is experiencing the greatest annual growth. In several developed nations, they already represent about 30% of the total population. The incidence of epilepsy among the elderly is 100 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year, although this figure is probably underestimated due to the accurate underdiagnosis of epileptic seizures. Comparing this incidence with that in childhood, it is clear that it is twice as high at age 70 and triples at age 80. This article consists of an integrative review, which aims to discuss the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy in the elderly, through considerations about the characteristics of the pathology in them, with the aim of expanding the knowledge of the population, students and professionals in the field on the topic. This is an integrative review, in which a search was carried out in the databases. The pathophysiology of epilepsy in the elderly is a complex process and is often influenced by neurobiological and physiological changes related to aging. Although many of the fundamental mechanisms of epilepsy apply to all age groups, there are distinct characteristics that are worth highlighting when it comes to the elderly population. In short, understanding the pathophysiology of epilepsy in the elderly is fundamental to dealing with the challenges of diagnosis and treatment. Aging-related changes affect the way it presents itself, responds to medications and is evaluated.A porção da população composta por pessoas idosas está experimentando o maior crescimento anual. Em várias nações desenvolvidas, eles já representam cerca de 30% da população total. A incidência de epilepsia entre os idosos é de 100 casos por 100.000 habitantes por ano, embora essa cifra, provavelmente, seja subestimada devido ao sub diagnóstico preciso das crises epilépticas. Comparando essa incidência com a da infância, percebe-se que ela é duas vezes maior aos 70 anos e triplica aos 80 anos de idade. O presente artigo consiste em uma revisão integrativa, no qual tem como objetivo discorrer acerca da fisiopatologia, do diagnóstico e do tratamento da epilepsia nos idosos, mediante considerações acerca das características da patologia nos mesmos, no intuito de ampliar os conhecimentos da população, estudantes e profissionais da área acerca do tema. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, na qual foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados. A fisiopatologia da epilepsia em idosos é um processo complexo e, frequentemente, é influenciada por mudanças neurobiológicas e fisiológicas relacionadas ao envelhecimento. Embora muitos dos mecanismos fundamentais da epilepsia se apliquem a todas as faixas etárias, há características distintas que merecem destaque quando se trata da população idosa. Em suma, compreender a fisiopatologia da epilepsia em idosos é fundamental para lidar com os desafios de diagnóstico e tratamento. As mudanças relacionadas ao envelhecimento afetam a forma como a mesma se apresenta, responde aos medicamentos e é avaliada

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Essential Oil Citral in Experimental Infection with Staphylococcus aureus

This study proposes to implement an alternative and effective strategy for local treatment of disease provoked by S. aureus. For the analysis of possible anti-inflammatory activity of essential oil, after establishing an air pouch model, 48 male mice of Balb/c were treated, infected, and euthanized at 4 and 8 h. Thus, the total and differential white blood cells were counted in the animal’s blood, and cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were titrated using ELISA in the air pouch lavage. Moreover, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 gene expression was analyzed through an RT-qPCR array, and S. aureus was quantified using qPCR. Our results, p<0.05, showed that EOC reduced the quantity of microorganisms. The group of mice treated with essential oil citral showed a significant decrease in TNF-α levels in tests demonstrating anti-inflammatory activity. There is no data about the mutual influence of the air pouch model, essential oil citral, and S. aureus. Thus, considering the interaction of these variables and the anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil citral, we demonstrated, by alternative local treatment, a new antimicrobial agent that is not an antibiotic

Políticas públicas na agricultura familiar refletindo no contexto sobre as mudanças climáticas com enfoque no programa garantia safra / Public policies in family agriculture reflecting the context on climate change with focus garantia safra program

O Programa Garantia Safra é uma política pública que visa garantir a segurança alimentar de agricultores familiares que residam em regiões sistematicamente sujeitas à perda de safra por razão de estiagem ou enchente. Este programa social auxilia o pequeno agricultor no caso de adversidades climáticas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o Programa Garantia Safra no âmbito das políticas públicas para a agricultura familiar contextualizando sua importância diante das mudanças climáticas. O arcabouço legal dessa política pública é composto por leis, decretos, resoluções e portarias que, ao longo de execução do Programa, representaram conflitos e mudanças às ideias iniciais estabelecidas pela Lei nº 10.420/2002 que instituiu o Benefício Garantia-Safra no âmbito das ações do Programa de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF). A participação dos agricultores familiares ocorre, principalmente, nos munícipios inseridos na área de atuação da Superintendência do Desenvolvimento do Nordeste (SUDENE). Com a implantação do Programa Garantia Safra e de outras políticas de assistência social, os efeitos das mudanças climáticas e a seca histórica impacta menos nas vidas das famílias agricultoras do Semiárido Nordestino. No entanto, mudanças se fazem necessárias ao aperfeiçoamento do Programa, cujos normativos legais deverão considerar, para além de outros aspectos, o cenário futuro de mudanças climáticas e seus impactos para a agricultura familiar

Antifungal Properties of Nerolidol-Containing Liposomes in Association with Fluconazole

(1) Background: Infections by Candida species represent a serious threat to the health of immunocompromised individuals. Evidence has indicated that nerolidol has significant antifungal properties. Nonetheless, its use is restricted due to a low water solubility and high photosensitivity. The incorporation into liposomes may represent an efficient alternative to improve the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties of this compound. The present study aimed to characterize the antifungal properties of liposomal nerolidol, alone or in combination with fluconazole. Of note, this is the first study reporting the antifungal activity of liposomal nerolidol and its potentiating effect in association with fluconazole. (2) Methods: The Inhibitory Concentration 50%-IC50 and minimum fungicide concentrations (MFC) of the substances against Candida albicans (CA), Candida tropicalis (CT), and Candida krusei (CK) were established by subculture in a solid medium. To evaluate the antifungal-enhancing effect, the MFC of fluconazole was determined in the presence or absence of subinhibitory concentrations of nerolidol (free or liposomal). The analysis of fungal dimorphism was performed through optical microscopy and the characterization of liposomes was carried out considering the vesicular size, polydispersion index, and zeta medium potential, in addition to a scanning electron microscopy analysis. (3) Results: The physicochemical characterization revealed that liposomes were obtained as homogenous populations of spherical vesicles. The data obtained in the present study indicate that nerolidol acts as an antifungal agent against Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis, in addition to potentiating (only in the liposomal form) the effect of fluconazole. However, the compound had little inhibitory effect on fungal dimorphism. (4) Conclusions: The incorporation of nerolidol into liposomes improved its antifungal-modulating properties

ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS: a data set of bird morphological traits from the Atlantic forests of South America

Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS

Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data