11,264 research outputs found
Regional Products, Regions' Reputation and Commercial Strategies: A Tale of Two Cheese Suppliers
Networks of firms producing and selling regional products to domestic and foreign markets are influencing the direction and options of local development. Regional products are embedded in historical tradition and geographic, cultural and social specificity. Most of the local activities are performed by clustered SME's in well defined geographical areas. To study the mechanisms and factors which favour spontaneous development in specific areas and make SME's competitive through cluster development we used case study methodology. An evolutionary perspective of "Casa Matias" and "Casa dos Queijos", two portuguese SME's, is expected to illustrate which key factors triggered the firm's cheese business and, simultaneously, examine organisational practices with particular emphasis on cluster formation and internationalisation process. From this analysis we expected to conceptualise a specific policy scheme to help developing spontaneous entrepreneurship, cooperation between clustered SME's and local collective development.
Location of foreign firms in Portugal: A network approach
The importance of the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and the foreign firm in the portuguese economy has been rising quite significantly for the last years. Nevertheless, we might say that there has been little work which brings into focus the factors that provide us with a consistent explanation about the location of the foreign manufacturing firm. The paper try to clear up the above mentioned issue, considering an analytical framework that integrates the network approach. In this framework the social, intra-entrepreneurial, inter-entrepreneurial (both national and local) and the local institutional networks are supposed to exert a relevant influence on the location decision making process of the foreign manufacturing firm.
EU regulation concerning genetically modified products: an issue of food security or a measure of disguised protectionism?
The biggest producers and exporters of agricultural products have been adopting the genetic engineering in order to improve the factors productivity and the firms profits In the last decade, the United States of America (US) and the European Union (EU) have established a high divergent regulation on production, distribution and consumption of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Apparently, the EU's complex legislative framework related to GMOs was intend to satisfy the European consumers which are concerned about food safety and whish to make more informed choice about the food they eat. The aim of this paper is to understand the potential motivations behind the different policies on GM products adopted by US and EU.Genetically Modified Organisms; Consumers preferences; Food security; Technical barriers to trade.
A Glimpse Inside the Coffers: Endowment Spending at Wealthy Colleges and Universities
Even as ongoing national conversations about income inequality intensify, wealth stratification is occurring not only among individuals but also among institutions of higher education, a study from theEducation Trust finds.The report, "A Glimpse Inside the Coffers", found that roughly 3.6 percent of the nation's colleges and universities held 75 percent of all postsecondary endowment wealth. Despite that wealth, however, few of the hundred and thirty-eight colleges and universities with at least 149.5 billion at the beginning of 2010 and had grown to 418 million would become available for other things. And if those funds were allocated solely to financial aid, they could be used to enroll an additional 2,376 low-income students at the current net price for four years -- a nearly 67 percent increase from the enrollment numbers for first-time, full-time low-income students in 2012-13. Alternatively, the same 8,000 per year for four years."It's common for institutional leaders to say that endowment spending is all about preserving the excellence of their institutions for years to come. But our data show that most could easily afford to do more to educate more low-income students now without compromising their futures," said Andrew Nichols, director of higher education research and data analytics and co-author of the report. "By choosing to serve more low-income students, these wealthy institutions could be leaders -- not just in riches, but in extending opportunity.
Comparing Exchange Market Pressure in West and Southern African Countries
We compare the performance of Cape Verde and Mozambique concerning financial credibility as measured by Exchange Market Pressure, an institutional feature that has often been overlooked in the literature as a relevant institution for economies. Drawing on previous research by Macedo et al. (2009), we expand their analysis and, using several definitions of âfinancial credibilityâ, all related to different angles on Exchange Market Pressure indices, we conclude that - against reasonable benchmarks in their respective regions - financial credibility has been very good for Cape Verde and fairly good for Mozambique. JEL codes: C22, E44, F31, F33Exchange Rate Regime, Exchange Market Pressure, EGARCH
Efficient Learning and Evaluation of Complex Concepts in Inductive Logic Programming
Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) is a subfield of Machine Learning with foundations in logic
programming. In ILP, logic programming, a subset of first-order logic, is used as a uniform
representation language for the problem specification and induced theories. ILP has been
successfully applied to many real-world problems, especially in the biological domain (e.g. drug
design, protein structure prediction), where relational information is of particular importance.
The expressiveness of logic programs grants flexibility in specifying the learning task and understandability
to the induced theories. However, this flexibility comes at a high computational
cost, constraining the applicability of ILP systems. Constructing and evaluating complex concepts
remain two of the main issues that prevent ILP systems from tackling many learning
problems. These learning problems are interesting both from a research perspective, as they
raise the standards for ILP systems, and from an application perspective, where these target
concepts naturally occur in many real-world applications. Such complex concepts cannot
be constructed or evaluated by parallelizing existing top-down ILP systems or improving the
underlying Prolog engine. Novel search strategies and cover algorithms are needed.
The main focus of this thesis is on how to efficiently construct and evaluate complex hypotheses
in an ILP setting. In order to construct such hypotheses we investigate two approaches.
The first, the Top Directed Hypothesis Derivation framework, implemented in the ILP system
TopLog, involves the use of a top theory to constrain the hypothesis space. In the second approach
we revisit the bottom-up search strategy of Golem, lifting its restriction on determinate
clauses which had rendered Golem inapplicable to many key areas. These developments led to
the bottom-up ILP system ProGolem. A challenge that arises with a bottom-up approach is the
coverage computation of long, non-determinate, clauses. Prologâs SLD-resolution is no longer
adequate. We developed a new, Prolog-based, theta-subsumption engine which is significantly
more efficient than SLD-resolution in computing the coverage of such complex clauses.
We provide evidence that ProGolem achieves the goal of learning complex concepts by presenting
a protein-hexose binding prediction application. The theory ProGolem induced has
a statistically significant better predictive accuracy than that of other learners. More importantly,
the biological insights ProGolemâs theory provided were judged by domain experts to
be relevant and, in some cases, novel
IntervenciĂłn internacional a travĂ©s de los medios de comunicaciĂłn en sociedades posguerra: Perspectivas a partir de las epistemologĂas del sur
Over the past two decades, international intervention
in post-war settings has strictly followed liberal
assumptions and practices. Efforts to build and
shape the media in the aftermath of armed conflict
are no exception. In setting the foundations for
the rule of law, liberal democracy and free market,
external actors have (re)defined what constitutes
the mediascape â that is, the various spheres of
communication within public discourse â and how to
(re)construct it. Imprinted with modernityâs tenets
and western assumptions about the public space, this
approach has understood the mediascape narrowly
as limited to traditional, established, liberal media,
serving to validate particular actors and processes
whilst obscuring, neglecting and shutting off global
diversity. Law and technology, this paper argues, are
the two main axes through which legitimation and
exclusion are effected. A myopic focus on legal and
technological aspects of the media reduces a rich
space of local discourses, norms and practices to
western-like media legislation, training and outlets,
narrowing in turn the sites for addressing violence
and building peace.Durante las Ășltimas dos dĂ©cadas, la intervenciĂłn
internacional en contextos posguerra ha seguido
estrictamente los supuestos y prĂĄcticas liberales. Los
esfuerzos para construir y dar forma a los medios
de comunicación después de los conflictos armados
no son una excepciĂłn. Al sentar las bases del estado
de derecho, de la democracia liberal y del libre
mercado, los actores externos han definido lo que
constituye el paisaje mediĂĄtico, es decir, las diversas
esferas de la comunicaciĂłn en el discurso pĂșblico y
cĂłmo reconstruirlo. Imbuido con los principios de
la modernidad y los supuestos occidentales sobre
el espacio pĂșblico, este enfoque ha entendido el
panorama mediĂĄtico estrechamente como limitado
a los medios tradicionales, establecidos y liberales,
sirviendo para validar actores y procesos particulares
mientras oscurece, descuida y cierra la diversidad
global. El derecho y la tecnologĂa, sostiene este
documento, son los dos ejes principales a través de los
cuales se efectĂșan la legitimaciĂłn y la exclusiĂłn. Un
enfoque miope en los aspectos legales y tecnolĂłgicos
de los medios de comunicaciĂłn que reduce un rico
espacio de discursos, normas y prĂĄcticas locales a la
legislaciĂłn, la formaciĂłn y los medios de comunicaciĂłn
de los medios occidentales, reduciendo a su vez los
sitios para abordar la violencia y construir la paz
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