Analysis of the threshold between GPON and EP2P

New services like Video on demand, Television (IPTV), high speed Internet access and Voice over IP on top the same link are called Triple Play services. These services demand very high bandwidth to customers. ADSL and ADLS2+ aren’t enough for supporting the new bandwidth requirement. One suitable solution for high bandwidth demand with a long reach is to use optical cable to customers (FTTX). Nowadays there are two technologies GPON (Gigabit passive optical network) and EP2P (Ethernet point-to-point) fighting for to be implemented in network access. This paper makes an evaluation between both solutions and it tries to answer the next question: What is the best solution for supporting requirement of Triple Play applications?Preprin

The impact of corporate social responsibility on innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises: The mediating role of debt terms and human capital

© 2021. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This document is the Accepted version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2125The aim of this paper is to study the influence of corporate social responsibility (CSR) over small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) innovation and the effect of two mediating variables, debt terms and human capital. Based on a sample of 2825 Span ish SMEs and applying a structural equations modeling, the results demonstrate that the effect of CSR on innovation is mediated by debt terms and by good human resource practices. Part of the positive effect of CSR on innovation occurs through these two variables, which, alone, positively and significantly affect innovation in SMEs. Consequently, the positive effect of CSR practices on debt terms through a decrease in asymmetric information goes further, also having repercussions on inno vation. Additionally, the suitable development of human resource practices based on strategies oriented toward CSR allow companies to carry out greater and more effi cient innovative activities. This paper contributes to the CSR literature considering the human resource management and the debt access in the relationship between CSR and innovation. The findings reveal important implications for policy makers and managers. For the former, the results show that it would be interesting to carry out actions aimed at assisting SMEs, especially those with fewer resources available, to implement a suitable CSR strategy, supporting sustainable development in SMEs. And, for the latter, CSR-oriented innovation has proven to be a valuable strategy for more efficient SMEs management because of the multiple competitive advantages it generates

Clustering Main Concepts from e-Mails

E–mail is one of the most common ways to communicate, assuming, in some cases, up to 75% of a company’s communication, in which every employee spends about 90 minutes a day in e–mail tasks such as filing and deleting. This paper deals with the generation of clusters of relevant words from E–mail texts. Our approach consists of the application of text mining techniques and, later, data mining techniques, to obtain related concepts extracted from sent and received messages. We have developed a new clustering algorithm based on neighborhood, which takes into account similarity values among words obtained in the text mining phase. The potential of these applications is enormous and only a few companies, mainly large organizations, have invested in this project so far, taking advantage of employees’s knowledge in future decisions

Effectiveness and safety of integrase strand transfer inhibitors in Spain: a prospective real-world study

HIV; Integrase strand transfer inhibitorsVIH; Inhibidores de transferencia de cadena de integrasaVIH; Inhibidors de transferència de cadena de la integrasaIntroduction: Second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are preferred treatment options worldwide, and dolutegravir (DTG) is the treatment of choice in resource-limited settings. Nevertheless, in some resource-limited settings, these drugs are not always available. An analysis of the experience with the use of INSTIs in unselected adults living with HIV may be of help to make therapeutic decisions when second-generation INSTIs are not available. This study aimed to evaluate the real-life effectiveness and safety of dolutegravir (DTG), elvitegravir/cobicistat (EVG/c), and raltegravir (RAL) in a large Spanish cohort of HIV-1-infected patients. Methods: Real-world study of adults living with HIV who initiated integrase INSTIs DTG, EVG/c, and RAL-based regimens in three settings (ART-naïve patients, ART-switching, and ART-salvage patients). The primary endpoint was the median time to treatment discontinuation after INSTI-based regimen initiation. Proportion of patients experiencing virological failure (VF) (defined as two consecutive viral loads (VL) ≥200 copies/mL at 24 weeks or as a single determination of VL ≥1,000 copies/mL while receiving DTG, EVG/c or RAL, and at least 3 months after INSTI initiation) and time to VF were also evaluated. Results: Virological effectiveness of EVG/c- and RAL-based regimens was similar to that of DTG when given as first-line and salvage therapy. Treatment switching for reasons other than virological failure was more frequent in subjects receiving EVG/c and, in particular, RAL. Naïve patients with CD4+ nadir <100 cells/μL were more likely to develop VF, particularly if they initiated RAL or EVG/c. In the ART switching population, initiation of RAL and EVG/c was associated with both VF and INSTI discontinuation. There were no differences in the time to VF and INSTI discontinuation between DTG, EVG/c and RAL. Immunological parameters improved in the three groups and for the three drugs assessed. Safety and tolerability were consistent with expected safety profiles. Discussion: Whereas second-generation INSTIs are preferred treatment options worldwide, and DTG is one of the treatment of choices in resource-limited settings, first-generation INSTIs may still provide high virological and immunological effectiveness when DTG is not available.This study received funding from ViiV Healthcare and Fight Infections Foundation. The funder was not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article or the decision to submit it for publication

Short communication: high effectiveness of etravirine in routine clinical practice in treatment-experienced HIV type 1-infected patients

The effectiveness of etravirine has not been thoroughly investigated in routine clinical practice, where adherence rates and the heterogeneous nature of patients differ from the clinical trial setting. We evaluated the effectiveness of rescue regimens containing etravirine and the factors associated with treatment response. Multicenter retrospective cohort of all consecutive patients was recruited in a routine clinical practice setting. Patients were taking rescue regimens containing etravirine plus an optimized background regimen. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients with HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/ml at week 48. The secondary endpoints were those factors associated with treatment response to etravirine. Endpoints were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analysis. A total of 122 patients were included with a median viral load of 11,938 (1055-55,500) copies/ml at baseline. The most frequent drugs in the backbone were darunavir/ritonavir in 98 (80.3%) patients and raltegravir in 76 (62.3%). In the full dataset analysis, 73% (89/122; 95% CI, 64-81%) of patients responded to treatment at week 48; in the on-treatment analysis, 82% (89/109; 95% CI, 71-87%) responded. The factors associated with treatment failure to etravirine [HR (95% CI)] were baseline CD4(+) T cell count <200 cells/mm(3) [2.45 (1.17-5.16)] and use of raltegravir [0.47 (0.22-0.99)] and darunavir [0.45 (0.21-0.98)] as backbone drugs. Skin rash was the only adverse event directly related to etravirine and led to withdrawal in three patients (2.5%). In routine clinical practice, rescue ETR-containing regimens are well tolerated and achieve rates of virological suppression higher than those observed in its pivotal clinical trials, especially when combined with darunavir and raltegravir

La memoria: documento expansivo de la información contable de naturaleza externa

Desde la publicación del PGC-90 se han aprobado distintos planes sectoriales que han supuesto adecuar, a cada una de estas realidades, las normas generales de elaboración de información contable de naturaleza, principalmente, externa. Los cambios introducidos han significado la incorporación de criterios de valoración alternativos, la creación o modificación de ciertas cuentas a utilizar de forma específica, la adecuación de los modelos de balance y cuenta de pérdidas y ganancias y, sobre todo, la incorporación de información adicional en la memoria, respecto de la exigida con carácter general en el PGC-90

Aprendizaje Colaborativo en Profesionales de Nuevas Tecnologías

En los cursos de Nuevas Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones orientados a alumnos con estudios universitarios, se debe considerar en el aprendizaje métodos que permitan formar al alumno utilizando grupos de trabajo y donde las prácticas desempeñadas sean casos reales. Muchos de estos alumnos van a formar parte, o están formando parte, de grupos de trabajo en empresas, grupos de investigación, etc. El método que se propone, pretende desarrollar el currículum de los alumnos desde un entorno colaborativo práctico donde cada alumno es una pieza importante del trabajo a realizar y donde el resultado final depende de todos. Para ello se realizan prácticas colaborativas, con escaso contenido teórico, donde se combinan factores de descubrimiento, análisis y consulta entre compañeros. Posteriormente se realiza una clase magistral y participativa, por parte del profesor, del contenido teórico correspondiente a dichas prácticas.Jiménez Herranz, JM.; Lloret, J.; Esteve Domingo, M.; Díaz Santos, JR. (2004). Aprendizaje Colaborativo en Profesionales de Nuevas Tecnologías. The International Institute of Informatics and Systemics (IIIS). http://hdl.handle.net/10251/671

Effects of Switching from Stavudine to Raltegravir on Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in HIV-Infected Patients with HIV/HAART-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome (HALS). A Clinical and Molecular Study

HIV-1/HAART-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS) has been associated with exposure to stavudine (d4T) through mitochondrial dysfunction. We performed a 48-week study to assess the effects of switching from d4T to raltegravir (RAL) on metabolic and fat molecular parameters of patients with HALS. Forty-two patients with HALS and a median exposure to d4T > 7 years were switched to RAL and followed for 48 weeks. Fasting metabolic tests, HIV RNA, CD4 cell count, and fat measured by DEXA were obtained at baseline and week 48. mtDNA and gene transcripts for PPAR gamma, adiponectin, cytochrome b, Cox IV, TNF alpha, MCP-1 and CD68 were assessed in paired subcutaneous fat tissue biopsies. Lipid parameters, fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR did not change significantly. Whole body fat (P = 0.0027) and limb fat mass (P<0.0001) increased from baseline. Trunk/limb fat ratio (P = 0.0022), fat mass ratio (P = 0.0020), fat mass index (P = 0.0011) and percent leg fat normalized to BMI (P<0.0001) improved after 48 weeks. Relative abundance of mtDNA, expression of PPAR gamma, adiponectin, Cyt b, and MCP-1 genes increased, whereas Cox IV, TNF alpha, and CD68 did not change significantly from baseline. Switching from d4T to RAL in patients with HALS is associated with an increase in limb fat mass and an improvement in markers of adipocyte differentiation and mitochondrial function in SAT