As transformações técnico-científicas, econômicas e políticas educacionais e de ensino na educação a distância

O presente artigo procura descrever como as transformações técnico-cientificas e econômicas e as políticas educacionais para uso das tecnologias da informação e da comunicação (TIC) no Brasil, influenciaram a inserção das tecnologias nas escolas e na formação docente através da educação a distância - EAD. Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem qualitativa, cuja obtenção das informações utilizou referências bibliográficas e documentais. O método utilizado para a escrita foi o dialético por permitir verificar a regularidade da ocorrência do objeto de estudo, visto que permite argumentação dialogada, considerando que as contradições passam a requerer soluções. Os resultados permitiram constatar o quanto a introdução das TIC nas escolas foram influenciadas pela economia, e como as políticas públicas educacionais, foram direcionadas para atender a um perfil de sociedade contemporânea, que delineasse os resultados esperados por estruturas internacionais majoritárias, como o Banco Internacional da Reconstrução e Desenvolvimento - BIRD, Banco Mundial, Fundo Monetário Internacional - FMI, Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e Caribe – CEPAL e UNESCO. Conclui-se pela relevância contundente no Brasil da implantação no políticas educacionais pautadas na ampliação da tecnologia e uso das TIC no ambiente escolar, bem como em conhecer tais políticas e os percursos que foram delineados para alcançar o discurso de qualidade para a educação brasileira, neste segmento, através da introdução das TIC nas instituições escolares

O Recurso da Triangulação como Ferramenta para Validação de Dados nas Pesquisas Qualitativas em Educação

This study aims to reflect on the production of scientific knowledge and its bases, in order to highlight the methodological conceptions that guide studies and research in education, with special attention to the use of data triangulation and methods, as being fundamental for the development. Of the objects of study, reflecting on the processes of organization, execution and analysis of academic investigations. In this regard, the issues involving both the research universe and the universe of education and training of new researchers face challenges in understanding the role and space of each tool, requiring a firmness of elucidation to ensure the progression of knowledge and quality. Of the results. In this regard, triangulation is presented as a field capable of helping researchers to have fertile soil in their analysis. It brings the concepts of method, research and science, supported by a bibliographical research with theories of Max Weber (1997), Santos Filho & Gamboa (2009), Sobral & Bretas (2016), Descartes (2007), Locke (2016), Santos (2010), Coutinho (2011), Creswell (2007), Macedo, Galef, & Pimentel (2009), and the end Santos (2019). In this process, the differentiation and clarity regarding the use of triangulation before the method and methodology are imperative for the researchers' daily life, especially in the field of education, due to its specificity in relation to objects of a social, cultural and human nature. Finally, such reflections are necessary to the complex and multiple thinking of research, helping to consolidate the profile of researchers capable of developing an ideal, valid and concrete method, supporting the development of studies and generating benefits for society.Este estudo tem como objetivo refletir sobre a produção do conhecimento científico e suas bases, de modo a destacar as concepções metodológicas que orientam os estudos e pesquisas em educação, com especial atenção ao recurso da triangulação de dados e métodos, como sendo fundamentais para o desenvolvimento dos objetos de estudo, refletindo-se nos processos de organização, execução e análise das investigações acadêmicas. Neste tocante, as questões que envolvem, tanto o universo da pesquisa, quanto o universo da educação e formação de novos pesquisadores encontram desafios ao entendimento do papel e espaço de cada ferramenta, sendo necessária uma firmeza de elucidação para garantir a progressão do conhecimento e qualidade dos resultados. Neste tocante, apresenta-se a triangulação como um campo capaz de ajudar os pesquisadores a terem solo fértil em suas análises. Traz os conceitos de método, pesquisa e ciência, apoiados em uma pesquisa bibliográfica com teorias de Max Weber (1997), Santos Filho & Gamboa (2009), Sobral & Bretas (2016), Descartes (2007), Locke (2016), Santos (2010), Coutinho (2011), Creswell (2007), Macedo, Galeffi, & Pimentel (2009), e por fim Santos (2019). Nesse processo, a diferenciação e clareza quanto ao emprego da triangulação diante do método escolhido se tornam imperativos para o cotidiano dos pesquisadores, especialmente no campo da educação, por sua especificidade à relação com objetos de natureza social, cultural e humana. Por fim, tais reflexões são necessárias à complexa e múltipla forma de pensar a pesquisa, ajudando na consolidação do perfil de investigadores capazes de desenvolver um método ideal, válido e concreto, apoiando o desenvolvimento dos estudos e gerando benefícios para a sociedade

Repeatability of the 6-min walk test in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis

Non-cystic fbrosis bronchiectasis (NCFB) is a chronic lung disease characterized by progressive and irreversible changes of the bronchial tree. The evaluation of exercise capacity is essential to manage this disease. This study aims to determine the within-subject repeatability of two Six Minute Walk Test (6MWT) in adults with NCFB. NCFB. This cross-sectional observational study included 66 NCFB subjects above 18 years-old (mean of 55 ± 17 years old, 68% women). 73% of the participants presented moderate to severe clinical condition classifed by Bronchiectasis Severity Index. It showed that these participants walked 16.6 m less (95%CI 3.8 to 29.4; p< 0.01) in the second 6MWT when compared to the frst test, with a within-subject coefcient variation of 9.4% (95%CI 7.2–11.2%) and an intra-test reliability with a high intraclass correlation coefcient of 0.88 (95%CI 0.80–0.93). Bland–Altman plot showed an agreement regarding test repeatability, besides presented a large limit of agreement (− 85 to 116 m). Respiratory rate and systolic blood pressure were signifcantly higher before starting the second test. In conclusion, 6MWT seems to be reproducible in NCFB subjects and vital sign verifcation should be attentively checked to assess if the patient is fully recovered to perform a second test, as well as the disease severity score. Other studies on this matter should be conducted with a larger number of participants to confrm the fndings of the present study

Genetic characterization of some neoponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) populations within the foetida species complex

The foetida species complex comprises 13 Neotropical species in the ant genus Neoponera Emery (1901). Neoponera villosa Fabricius (1804) , Neoponera inversa Smith (1858), Neoponera bactronica Fernandes, Oliveira & Delabie (2013), and Neoponera curvinodis (Forel, 1899) have had an ambiguous taxonomic status for more than two decades. In southern Bahia, Brazil, these four species are frequently found in sympatry. Here we used Bayesian Inference and maximum likelihood analyses of COI and 16S mtDNA sequence data and conventional cytogenetic data together with observations on morphology to characterize sympatric populations of N. villosa, N. inversa, N. bactronica, and N. curvinodis. Our results showed marked differences in the karyotype of these ants. Both N. curvinodis and N. inversa have chromosome number of 2n = 30. Their chromosome composition, however, is distinct, which indicates that N. curvinodis is more closely related to N. bactronica. These four species clustered into three distinct groups. The close relationship between N. bactronica and N. curvinodis deserves further investigation since it has not been fully resolved here. Our results confirm that N. inversa, N. villosa, N. bactronica + N. curvinodis indeed represent four distinct taxa within the foetida species complex

El uso de “virado” como estrategia de reducción de daños entre los usuarios de crack del estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

The aim of the study is to discuss the use of crack in the form of “virado” as a harm reduction strategy in Pernambuco, Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study with a qualitative approach in which semi-structured interviews were conducted regarding aspects related to the culture of crack use with 39 crack users between March and August 2016. Participants were recruited using saturation criteria and data were analyzed through content analysis. Respondents discussed the use of “virado” and compared its effects in relation to crack, addressing improvement in interpersonal relationships, libido, and non-compulsive drug use, which can all be understood as harm reduction strategies. On the other hand, equipment sharing for the use of “virado” was identified as a high-risk practice with regards to the transmission of infectious diseases. Knowing about the culture of crack use in different contexts is essential in order to plan and develop health care actions.El objetivo del estudio es discutir uno de los usos del crack denominado “virado”, como estrategia de reducción de daños entre las personas que usan crack en Pernambuco, Brasil. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa y transversal. Desde marzo hasta agosto de 2016, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas sobre la cultura del uso de crack a 39 personas que usan esta substancia. El límite de participantes se estableció por el criterio de saturación. Los datos se analizaron con la técnica de análisis de contenido. Las personas que participaron relataron que el virado es una manera distinta de utilizar el crack y, al comparar su efecto con el uso fumado o inhalado, mencionaron que el virado produce menos impacto en las relaciones interpersonales y en la libido, además de reducir el uso compulsivo de crack, cuestiones que se podrían considerar como estrategias de reducción de daños. Un aspecto negativo es que comparten los canutos para aspirar el virado, lo cual es una situación de riesgo para la transmisión de enfermedades infecciosas. Conocer la cultura del uso del crack en distintas formas y situaciones es imprescindible para la planificación y desarrollo de acciones de atención a la salud

Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background Health system planning requires careful assessment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) epidemiology, but data for morbidity and mortality of this disease are scarce or non-existent in many countries. We estimated the global, regional, and national burden of CKD, as well as the burden of cardiovascular disease and gout attributable to impaired kidney function, for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017. We use the term CKD to refer to the morbidity and mortality that can be directly attributed to all stages of CKD, and we use the term impaired kidney function to refer to the additional risk of CKD from cardiovascular disease and gout. Methods The main data sources we used were published literature, vital registration systems, end-stage kidney disease registries, and household surveys. Estimates of CKD burden were produced using a Cause of Death Ensemble model and a Bayesian meta-regression analytical tool, and included incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, mortality, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). A comparative risk assessment approach was used to estimate the proportion of cardiovascular diseases and gout burden attributable to impaired kidney function. Findings Globally, in 2017, 1·2 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1·2 to 1·3) people died from CKD. The global all-age mortality rate from CKD increased 41·5% (95% UI 35·2 to 46·5) between 1990 and 2017, although there was no significant change in the age-standardised mortality rate (2·8%, −1·5 to 6·3). In 2017, 697·5 million (95% UI 649·2 to 752·0) cases of all-stage CKD were recorded, for a global prevalence of 9·1% (8·5 to 9·8). The global all-age prevalence of CKD increased 29·3% (95% UI 26·4 to 32·6) since 1990, whereas the age-standardised prevalence remained stable (1·2%, −1·1 to 3·5). CKD resulted in 35·8 million (95% UI 33·7 to 38·0) DALYs in 2017, with diabetic nephropathy accounting for almost a third of DALYs. Most of the burden of CKD was concentrated in the three lowest quintiles of Socio-demographic Index (SDI). In several regions, particularly Oceania, sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America, the burden of CKD was much higher than expected for the level of development, whereas the disease burden in western, eastern, and central sub-Saharan Africa, east Asia, south Asia, central and eastern Europe, Australasia, and western Europe was lower than expected. 1·4 million (95% UI 1·2 to 1·6) cardiovascular disease-related deaths and 25·3 million (22·2 to 28·9) cardiovascular disease DALYs were attributable to impaired kidney function. Interpretation Kidney disease has a major effect on global health, both as a direct cause of global morbidity and mortality and as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. CKD is largely preventable and treatable and deserves greater attention in global health policy decision making, particularly in locations with low and middle SDI