Soil organic phosphorus forms under different soil management systems and winter crops, in a long term experiment

Organic phosphorus (P) is an important source of phosphate for plants both in natural environments and in cultivated soils. Growing plants with high P recycling capacity may increase the importance of organic forms in phosphate availability mainly in undisturbed soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of long period of cultivation of different winter species under different soil management systems in the distribution of soil organic P forms, in the P content stored into the soil microbial biomass (SMB) and in the acid phosphatase enzyme activity. The experiment was established in 1986 with six winter treatments (blue lupine, hairy vetch, oat, radish, wheat and fallow) implanted in a Rhodic Hapludox in southern Brazil, under no-tillage system (NT) and conventional tillage system (CT). The crops were cultivated with rational use of chemical phosphate fertilizer, according to plant needs and soil type maintaining high levels of soil organic carbon leading to P organic form accumulation. Growing crops during the winter period in highly weathered subtropical soil increases the importance of microbial interactions in the P cycle, especially in the NT, where a large amount of crop residues is annually added to the soil surface, increasing soil organic P level, P content stored into the SMB and acid phosphatase enzyme activity

Forms of Inorganic Phosphorus in Soil under Different Long Term Soil Tillage Systems and winter Crops

The cultivation of crops with different capacity of P uptake and use under long-term soil tillage systems can affect the distribution of P cycling and inorganic forms in the soil, as a result of higher or lower use efficiency of P applied in fertilizers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of long-term cultivation of different winter species under tillage systems on the distribution of inorganic P forms in the soil. In 1986, the experiment was initiated with six winter crops (blue lupin, hairy vetch, oat, oilseed radish, wheat and fallow) on a Rhodic Hapludox in southwestern Paraná, under no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT ). The application of phosphate fertilizer in NT rows increased inorganic P in the labile and moderately labile forms, and soil disturbance in CT redistributed the applied P in the deeper layers, increasing the moderately labile P concentration in the subsurface layers. Black oat and blue lupin were the most efficient P-recyclers and under NT, they increased the labile P content in the soil surface layers

Biochemical mechanisms of the effect of environmental factors (diet, fluorine, alcohol and tobacco) on oral health

Nowadays, oral diseases are prevalent chronic diseases present in worldwide population. Dental caries results from a complex interaction between acid-producing bacteria, fermentable carbohydrates and host factors, including teeth and saliva. Risk factors for caries development include physical, biological, environmental, behavioral factors such as high numbers of cariogenic bacteria, inadequate salivary flow, poor oral hygiene and poor eating habits. Moreover, due to its efficacy in caries prevention, fluorine has been added to toothpaste, supplements and water. However, despite of its beneficial effect, excessive intake can lead to acute or chronic toxic effects, that depend on ingestion period and ingested amount, age, cardiovascular or renal problems and genetic changes. The most common adverse effects of excessive fluorine intake are dental and skeletal fluorosis. Another oral health problem is oral cancer, one of the most common cancers in the world and a highly relevant problem of global public health, mainly affecting lips and oral cavity. It is a preventable disease, where tobacco and alcohol, considered major risk factors, are present with a synergic effect in 90% of cases. Alcohol can act as a risk factor both locally and systemically, being causally associated with oropharyngeal and larynx cancer, esophageal cancer, among others.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Estabilidade de agregados de um Latossolo Vermelho sob diferentes plantas de coberturas de inverno e sistemas de preparo do solo.

Os sistemas de manejo agrícolas interferem nas características físicas do solo, principalmente na agregação. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a estabilidade de agregados do solo de um experimento de longa duração com plantas de cobertura de inverno e sistemas de preparo do solo. O experimento teve início no ano de 1986, no Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, em Pato Branco sob um Latossolo Vermelho aluminoférrico. Os tratamentos são uma combinação entre coberturas de solo: aveia preta, centeio, ervilhaca comum, ervilhaca peluda, nabo forrageiro, tremoço azul, trigo e pousio, e sistemas de preparo: plantio direto (PD) e plantio convencional (PC), dispostos em parcelas subdivididas com três repetições. As amostras de solo foram coletadas em 2012, nas profundidades de 0 a 5, 5 a 10 e 10 a 20 cm. A estabilidade de agregados foi determinada através de tamisamento a úmido, e posteriormente calculado o índice de diâmetro médio ponderado (DMP) dos agregados. O PD apresentou maior DMP na profundidade de 0 a 5 cm, enquanto que para o PC, o maior DMP ocorreu de 10 a 20 cm de profundidade. O pousio obteve o menor DMP diferindo das espécies de cobertura de inverno, para o PD de 0 a 5 e 5 a 10 cm de profundidade. A utilização de espécies de cobertura de inverno associada a sistemas conservacionistas de preparo do solo, com mínimo revolvimento, promove maior estabilidade da agregação do solo

Glycemic response of poultries in different feeding systems

The management of poultry feed is an important welfare promoter and the glycemic index a noninvasive evaluation. The aim was to evaluate the glycemic response of broiler breeders in restricted feeding system, and broilers receiving ad libitum feeding. Two experiments were carried out: I) 39-week-oldbroiler breeders, fed with three sources of fiber, in a completely randomized design in factorial scheme (3 fiber diets x 7 collection periods); and II) broilers, 42 days old, housed in different light systems, in a completely randomized design in factorial design (2 sexes x 2 lighting conditions x 13 collection periods). Blood glucose levels were measured at random collecting one blood drop from foot, with three replicates in each condition and treatment. In broiler breeder different fiber sources had no effect on glycemia, but the period affected circulating glucose levels, presenting a minimum of 184.3 mg dL -1 before feed and, a maximum of 242.5 mg dL -1 four hours after feeding. In broilers, there was a significant effect in glycemia for collection period and for sex, and interaction between lighting conditions and collection period. Further studies are needed to establish reference values to compare blood glucose levels in poultry.41

Goodness-of-Fit Tests to study the Gaussianity of the MAXIMA data

Goodness-of-Fit tests, including Smooth ones, are introduced and applied to detect non-Gaussianity in Cosmic Microwave Background simulations. We study the power of three different tests: the Shapiro-Francia test (1972), the uncategorised smooth test developed by Rayner and Best(1990) and the Neyman's Smooth Goodness-of-fit test for composite hypotheses (Thomas and Pierce 1979). The Smooth Goodness-of-Fit tests are designed to be sensitive to the presence of ``smooth'' deviations from a given distribution. We study the power of these tests based on the discrimination between Gaussian and non-Gaussian simulations. Non-Gaussian cases are simulated using the Edgeworth expansion and assuming pixel-to-pixel independence. Results show these tests behave similarly and are more powerful than tests directly based on cumulants of order 3, 4, 5 and 6. We have applied these tests to the released MAXIMA data. The applied tests are built to be powerful against detecting deviations from univariate Gaussianity. The Cholesky matrix corresponding to signal (based on an assumed cosmological model) plus noise is used to decorrelate the observations previous to the analysis. Results indicate that the MAXIMA data are compatible with Gaussianity.Comment: MNRAS, in pres

Liberação de Fósforo de Resíduos de Plantas de Cobertura Cultivadas em Latossolo Vermelho Sob Sistema Plantio Direto por Longa Duração

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a liberação de P a partir da decomposição dos resíduos de plantas de cobertura. Em setembro de 2011, em um experimento instalado em 1986 sobre um Latossolo Vermelho aluminoférrico, no IAPAR, Pato Branco, PR, foram coletadas amostras da parte aérea das plantas de cobertura tremoço azul, ervilhaca comum, aveia branca, nabo forrageiro, centeio e trigo, manejadas sob SPD. Mediu-se a decomposição dos resíduos das plantas e a liberação de P por meio de bolsas de decomposição de poliéster, que foram coletadas aos 0,7,14,28,56 e 112 dias após o manejo das plantas. Avaliaram-se as taxas de decomposição e o tempo de meia vida da MSPA e do P. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi de blocos casualizados com três repetições. Realizou-se a análise da variância e a comparação das médias por meio do teste SCOTT-KNOTT a 5% de probabilidade de erro. Verificou-se que a quantidade de P liberado dos resíduos das plantas não é dependente apenas da sua taxa de decomposição e do seu teor total de P. A ervilhaca comum e o centeio reciclaram a maior quantidade de P do solo, pois a primeira possui a maior capacidade de acumular P no tecido associado a um tecido com elevada taxa de decomposição, enquanto a segunda produziu elevada quantidade de MSPA. A liberação de P dos resíduos de plantas de cobertura deve ser levada em consideração para reduzir o uso de fertilizantes fosfatados nas culturas cultivadas em sequência

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation In Dysphonic Women

Background: Studies indicate correlation between dysphonia and muscle tension. Aim: To evaluate bilaterally the electrical activity of the suprahyoid muscles (SH), sternocleidomastoid (SCM), and trapezius (T), the presence of pain and the voice, after applying transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Method: Ten (10) women with nodules or bilateral mucus thickening, and phonation fissure. Volunteers were submitted to 10 TENS sessions (200μs and 10Hz) for 30 minutes. Pain was evaluated using an analogical visual scale; the voice was evaluated through laryngoscopy and through a perceptive-auditory and acoustic analysis; and the myoelectric signal was converted using the Root Media Square (RMS). Voice and EMG data gathering was performed during the production of the E/vowel and during spontaneous speech (SS). Statistical analysis: Shapiro-Wilk Test followed by the Wilcoxon Test, or t Student, or Friedman Test (p<0.05). Results: It was observed that the TENS decreased the RMS readings, pre and pos treatment, for the Right T (RT) (2.80 ± 1.36 to 1.77 ± 0.93), the Left T (LT) (3.62 ± 2.10 to 2.10 ± 1.06), the Left SCM (LSCM) (2.64 ± 0.69 to 1.94 ± 0.95), and the SH (11.59 ± 7.72 to 7.82 ± 5.95) during the production of the E/vowel; and for the RT (3.56 ± 2.77 to 1.93 ± 1.13), the LT (4.68 ± 2.56 to 3.09 ± 2.31), the Right SCM (RSCM) (3.94 ± 2.04 to 2.51 ± 1.87), and the LSCM (3.54 ± 1.04 to .12 ± 3.00) during SS. A relieve in pain was also observed. Regarding the voice analysis, there was a decrease in level of laryngeal injuries; no difference was observed during the production of the E/vowel in the perceptive-auditory analysis; there was a decrease in the level of dysphonia and hoarseness during SS. Conclusion: TENS is effective in improving the clinical and functional signs of dysphonic women.203189194Behrman, A., Common practices of voice therapists in the evaluation of patients (2005) J Voice, 19 (3), pp. 454-469Dromey, C., Nissen, S.L., Roy, N., Merrill, R.M., Articulatory changes following treatment of muscle tension dysphonia: Preliminary acoustic evidence (2008) J Speech Lang Hear Res, 51 (1), pp. 196-208Gillivan-Murphy, P., Drinnan, M.J., O'Dwyer, T.P., Ridha, H., Carding, P., The effectiveness of a voice treatment approach for teachers with self-reported voice problems (2006) J Voice, 20 (3), pp. 423-431Schneider, S.L., Sataloff, R.T., Voice therapy for the professional voice (2007) Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 40 (5), pp. 1133-1149Rubin, J.S., Blake, E., Mathieson, L., Musculoskeletal patterns in patients with voice disorders (2007) J Voice, 21 (4), pp. 477-484Sluka, K.A., Walsh, D.M., Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: Basic science mechanisms and clinical effectiveness (2003) Pain, 4, pp. 109-121Penkner, K., Janda, M., Lorenzoni, M.A., A comparison of the muscular relaxation effect of TENS and EMG-biofeedback in patients with bruxism (2001) J Oral Rehabil, 28 (9), pp. 849-853Guimarães, B.T.L., A eletroestimulação nervosa transcutânea no relaxamento laríngeo (1992) Revista Lugar em FonoaudiologiaGuirro, R.R.J., Forti, F., Rodrigues-Bigaton, D., Proposal for electrical insulation of the electromyographic signal acquisition module (2006) Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol, 46 (6), pp. 355-363Cram, J.R., Kasman, G.S., Haltz, J., (1998) Introduction to surface electromyography, , Aspen PubleshersBehlau, M., Azevedo, R., Pontes, P., Gonçalves, M.I.R., Constrição anteroposterior do vestíbulo laríngeo em indivíduos normais durante a fonação sustentada. (1998) Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Fonoaudiologia, 2 (4), pp. 56-60Voz, B.M., (2001) O Livro do Especialista, , Rio de Janeiro: RevinterRodrigues, D., Oliveira, A.S., Bérzin, F., Effect of conventional TENS on pain and electromyographic activity of masticatory muscles in TDM patients (2004) Braz Oral Res, 18 (4), pp. 290-295Rodrigues, D., Oliveira, A.S., Bérzin, F., Effect of TENS on the activation pattern of the masticatory muscles in TMD patients (2004) Braz J Oral Sci, 13 (10), pp. 510-514Kamyszek G, Ketcham R, Garcia RJr, Radke J. Electromyographic evidence of reduce muscle activity when ULF-TENS is applied to the Vth and VIIth cranial nerves Cranio. 2001;19(3):162-8Guimaraes, B.T.L., Relaxamento laringeo com o uso da eletroestimulação nervosa transcutânea (Tens): Um estudo comparativo (2000) Revista Lugar em FonoaudiologiaChesterton, L.S., Barlas, P., Foster, N.E., Lundeberg, T., Wright, C.C., Caxter, G.D., Sensory stimulation (TENS): Effects of parameter manipulation on mechanical pain thresholds in healthy human subjects (2002) Pain, 99 (1-2), pp. 253-262Milne, S., Welch, V., Brosseau, L., Saginu, R.M., Shea, B., Tugwell, S., (2003) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic low back pain, , Oxford: The Cochrane LibraryCarrol, D., Moore, R.A., McQuay, H.J., Fairman, F., Trame'r, M., Leijon, G., (2003) Trancutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic pain, , Oxford: The Cochrane LibraryKöke, A.J.A., Schoutend, J.S.A.G., Lamerichs-Geelenc, M.J.H., Lipschc, J.S.M., Waltjec, E.M.H., Kleefa, M., Pain reducing effect of three types of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in patients with chronic pain: A randomized crossover trial (2004) Pain, 108 (1-2), pp. 36-42Kalra, A., Urban, M.O., Sluka, K.A., Blockade of Opioid Receptors in Rostral Venral Medulla. Prevents Antihyperalgesia Produced by Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) (2001) J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther, 298 (1), pp. 257-263Kofler, M., Functional organization of exteroceptive inhibition following nociceptiva electrical fingertip stimulation in humans (2003) Clin Neurophysiol, 114 (6), pp. 973-980Kofler, M., Influence of trancutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on cutaneous silent periods in humans (2004) Neuroscience Letters, 360 (1-2), pp. 69-72Gonçalves, R.N., Ordenes, I.E.U., Rodrigues-Bigaton, D., Efeito indireto da TENS sobre os músculos cervicais em portadores de DTM. (2007) Fisioterapia em Movimento, 20 (2), pp. 83-90Ido, C., Rothenbuhler, R., Janz, L., Eletroestimulação nervosa trancutânea de baixa freqüência nos "tender points" dos pacientes fibromioálgicos juvenis. (2003) Rev Fisioter Univ. São Paulo, 10 (1), pp. 1-

Uso Da Casca Do Abacate (persea Americana)na Formulação De Chá: Um Produto Funcional Contendo Compostos Fenólicos E Atividade Antioxidante

The peels of avocados, like other fruit peels, are commonly discarded, not knowing their potential use. In order to reuse avocado peel, the chemical and mineral compositions, total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as antioxidant activities have been investigated by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP(ferric-reducing antioxidant power) methods in in natura and dehydrated avocado peel. Dehydrated avocado-peel tea was manufactured and the antioxidant activity was evaluated, as well as their flavonoid and phenolic compound contents, and compared with other teas marketed. Avocado peel, especially dried avocado peel, contains major phenolic compounds (10,848.27 ± 162.34 mg GAE kg-1) and flavonoids (1,360.34 ± 188.65 mg EQ kg-1). The avocado-peel tea showed antioxidant activity by DPPH (1,954.24 ± 87.92 e 2518.27 ± 192.59 mg TE L-1) and phenolic and flavonoids contents highest than apple tea. The avocado-peel tea showed good antioxidant activity and had good acceptability by sensory analysis as a promising product. © 2016, Eduem - Editora da Universidade Estadual de Maringa. All rights reserved.381232

Formas de fósforo no tecido de plantas anuais de inverno cultivadas em Latossolo Vermelho sob diferentes sistemas de manejo de solo

As plantas de cobertura propiciam a proteção e a reciclagem de nutrientes do solo, como o fósforo (P). Contudo, o teor e as formas de acúmulo de P podem variar entre espécies e sistemas de manejo de solo. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as formas de acúmulo de P no tecido vegetal de plantas anuais de inverno, manejadas sob Sistema Plantio Direto (SPD) e Cultivo Convencional (SCC). O experimento foi instalado em 1986 no Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, em Pato Branco-PR, sobre um Latossolo Vermelho aluminoférrico. Ele se baseia no uso de seis plantas anuais de inverno (trigo, aveia branca, centeio, ervilhaca, nabo forrageiro e tremoço azul) que foram manejadas sob SPD e SCC. Em maio de 2011 as espécies foram semeadas, sem o uso de fertilizantes, e em setembro de 2011 efetuou-se a coleta da parte aérea das plantas. No Laboratório de Química e Fertilidade do Solo da UFSM realizou-se o fracionamento de P do tecido vegetal, além da determinação dos teores de carbono total, nitrogênio total e P disponível do solo. A partir dos dados obtidos, conclui-se que as formas de acúmulo de P no tecido das plantas anuais de inverno variam em função da espécie e da disponibilidade de P no ambiente; para todas as plantas anuais de inverno o P inorgânico solúvel é a principal forma de acúmulo de P no tecido vegetal, principalmente quando são cultivadas em solos com maior disponibilidade de P, como sob SPD; Em ambientes com baixa disponibilidade de P, plantas anuais de inverno tendem a diminuir as formas solúveis de P e, ao mesmo tempo, acumular formas orgânicas estáveis, principalmente na forma de Prna e Plip