Effect of Septoria leaf blotch and its control with commercial fungicides, on arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungal colonization, spore numbers, and morphotype diversity

Arbuscular-mycorrhizal internal structures (i.e. total root colonization, arbuscules, vesicles) and external structures (i.e. spore density), and Glomeromycota spore morphotypes, were evaluated in wheat severely infected with Mycosphaerella graminicola – the causal agent of Septoria leaf blotch. Plots in which the infection was controlled with a commercial fungicide at recommended field doses, were also examined. The commercial fungicide used was an admixture of trifloxistrobin and tebuconazole. No negative effects of the fungicide application on arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were found. The M. graminicola fungicidal treatment actually favoured the formation of arbuscules and AMF spores, as there was a selective increase in the density of spores belonging to the glomoid morphotype. Arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi have an absolute dependence on the carbon provided by the plant. A severe foliar disease leading to a diminished carbon supply to the roots would generate decreases in carbon availability. Such decreases would strongly affect mycorrhizal associations and development. Furthermore, the change in the green-leaf area produced by a severe foliar disease and/or a reversal of that condition through fungicide treatment could result in shifts in the composition of the AMF community so as to favour glomoid morphotypes. Glomoid species have been previously considered as r-strategists.Fil: Schalamuk, Santiago. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Química Inorgánica "Dr. Pedro J. Aymonino". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Química Inorgánica "Dr. Pedro J. Aymonino"; ArgentinaFil: Velázquez, María Silvana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Química Inorgánica "Dr. Pedro J. Aymonino". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Química Inorgánica "Dr. Pedro J. Aymonino"; ArgentinaFil: Simon, Maria Rosa. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Cabello, Marta Noemí. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Botánica Spegazzini; Argentin

Preliminary analysis of genetic variation of Escallonia alpina and E. rubra

Escallonia alpina y E. rubra (Escalloniaceae) comparten su área de distribución en el sur de los Andes y se diferencian por pocos caracteres morfológicos diagnósticos, tales como la disposición de las flores y la presencia y tipo de glándulas; sin embargo, en algunas poblaciones no es posible asignar los individuos a una u otra especie. Además, se han reconocido y descrito como híbridos varias formas de transición entre ambas. El objetivo de este trabajo es examinar la variabilidad genética poblacional de Escallonia alpina y E. rubra, y analizar si se corresponde con la variabilidad morfológica observada. Se estudió la morfología en 39 individuos de cinco poblaciones sobre los que también se realizó un análisis de AFLP. Se investigó la relación entre los individuos mediante análisis de ordenación, agrupamiento y de asignación bayesiana. Además se calcularon índices de diversidad y se realizó una prueba de Mantel. A partir del análisis morfológico, se asignaron dos poblaciones a cada especie, mientras que una población con individuos con morfología intermedia no se pudo asignar unívocamente a ninguna de las dos especies. Se observó una fuerte correspondencia entre las especies delimitadas mediante caracteres morfológicos diagnósticos tradicionales y el patrón de AFLP. La evidencia morfológica y molecular preliminar nos permitió reconocer a Escallonia alpina y E. rubra como dos especies distintas, y a una población con caracteres morfológicos y genéticos intermedios que podrían ser el resultado de flujo génico interespecífico o de una separación incompleta de linajes.Escallonia alpina and E. rubra (Escalloniaceae) are distributed in the same geographical region in the southern Andes; they are differentiated by few diagnostic morphological characters such as flower arrangement, and type and presence of glands. A morphological gap between both species is absent in some populations; in addition, intermediate forms have been recognized and described as hybrids. The aim of this work is to examine the genetic variation in populations of Escallonia alpina and E. rubra, and to analyze if there is a correspondence between genetic and morphological variability. We studied the morphology of 39 individuals belonging to five populations, which were also used to perform an AFLP analysis. We conducted ordination, clustering and Bayesian assignment analyses to investigate the relationship among individuals, and we calculated genetic diversity indices and a Mantel test. As a result of the morphological analysis, two populations were assigned to each species, while the remaining population could not be assigned unequivocally to any of the two species, as the individuals exhibited an intermediate morphology. A strong correspondence between traditional morphological characters and the AFLP pattern was observed. Our preliminary morphological and molecular evidence support Escallonia alpina and E. rubra as two distinct species. The variability found in the intermediate population might be the result of inter-specific hybridization or incomplete lineage sorting.Fil: Morello, Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion (i); Argentina;Fil: Giussani, Liliana Monica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion (i); Argentina;Fil: Sede, Silvana Mabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion (i); Argentina

Accident victim of domestic child under the look of nursing theories

Objective: to show, from the scientific production, domestic accidents with children and relate them to Nursing Theories. Method: this is an integrative review, held in July 2013 in the databases: LILACS, SciELO, BDENF and MEDLINE. As inclusion criteria there was research working with the theme; available in its entirety; in Portuguese, Spanish or English, published between 2000 and 2013 and the exclusion criteria was monographs and abstracts. Results: domestic accidents have revealed an important cause of assistance, hospitalizations, disabilities and deaths in children, especially males, aged 1-4 years old. Nursing Theories to corroborate these findings, showing that these accidents are justified by the changes taking place in the individual at every stage of life were used. Conclusion: nursing must establish strategies to minimize the risk of accidents through protective actions and health promotion

Effect of septoria leaf blotch and its control with commercial fungicides, on arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungal colonization, spore numbers, and morphotype diversity

Arbuscular-mycorrhizal internal structures (i.e. total root colonization, arbuscules, vesicles) and external structures (i.e. spore density), and Glomeromycota spore morphotypes, were evaluated in wheat severely infected with Mycosphaerella graminicola-the causal agent of Septoria leaf blotch. Plots in which the infection was controlled with a commercial fungicide at recommended field doses, were also examined. The commercial fungicide used was an admixture of trifloxistrobin and tebuconazole. No negative effects of the fungicide application on arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were found. The M. graminicola fungicidal treatment actually favoured the formation of arbuscules and AMF spores, as there was a selective increase in the density of spores belonging to the glomoid morphotype. Arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi have an absolute dependence on the carbon provided by the plant. A severe foliar disease leading to a diminished carbon supply to the roots would generate decreases in carbon availability. Such decreases would strongly affect mycorrhizal associations and development. Furthermore, the change in the green-leaf area produced by a severe foliar disease and/or a reversal of that condition through fungicide treatment could result in shifts in the composition of the AMF community so as to favour glomoid morphotypes. Glomoid species have been previously considered as r-strategists.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y ForestalesCentro de Química InorgánicaInstituto de Botánica "Dr. Carlos Spegazzini

Effect of septoria leaf blotch and its control with commercial fungicides, on arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungal colonization, spore numbers, and morphotype diversity

Arbuscular-mycorrhizal internal structures (i.e. total root colonization, arbuscules, vesicles) and external structures (i.e. spore density), and Glomeromycota spore morphotypes, were evaluated in wheat severely infected with Mycosphaerella graminicola-the causal agent of Septoria leaf blotch. Plots in which the infection was controlled with a commercial fungicide at recommended field doses, were also examined. The commercial fungicide used was an admixture of trifloxistrobin and tebuconazole. No negative effects of the fungicide application on arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were found. The M. graminicola fungicidal treatment actually favoured the formation of arbuscules and AMF spores, as there was a selective increase in the density of spores belonging to the glomoid morphotype. Arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi have an absolute dependence on the carbon provided by the plant. A severe foliar disease leading to a diminished carbon supply to the roots would generate decreases in carbon availability. Such decreases would strongly affect mycorrhizal associations and development. Furthermore, the change in the green-leaf area produced by a severe foliar disease and/or a reversal of that condition through fungicide treatment could result in shifts in the composition of the AMF community so as to favour glomoid morphotypes. Glomoid species have been previously considered as r-strategists.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y ForestalesCentro de Química InorgánicaInstituto de Botánica "Dr. Carlos Spegazzini

Time representation in reinforcement learning models of the basal ganglia

Reinforcement learning (RL) models have been influential in understanding many aspects of basal ganglia function, from reward prediction to action selection. Time plays an important role in these models, but there is still no theoretical consensus about what kind of time representation is used by the basal ganglia. We review several theoretical accounts and their supporting evidence. We then discuss the relationship between RL models and the timing mechanisms that have been attributed to the basal ganglia. We hypothesize that a single computational system may underlie both RL and interval timing—the perception of duration in the range of seconds to hours. This hypothesis, which extends earlier models by incorporating a time-sensitive action selection mechanism, may have important implications for understanding disorders like Parkinson's disease in which both decision making and timing are impaired

Estimating Excitonic Effects in the Absorption Spectra of Solids: Problems and Insight from a Guided Iteration Scheme

A major obstacle for computing optical spectra of solids is the lack of reliable approximations for capturing excitonic effects within time-dependent density-functional theory. We show that the trustful prediction of strongly bound electron-hole pairs within this framework using simple approximations is still a challenge and that available promising results have to be revisited. Deriving a set of analytical formula we analyze and explain the difficulties. We deduce an alternative approximation from an iterative scheme guided by previously available knowledge, significantly improving the description of exciton binding energies. Finally, we show how one can "read" exciton binding energies from spectra determined in the random phase approximation, without any further calculation.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures plus supplemental materia

L’inclusion productive urbaine au moyen du microcrédit : le cas du programme « CrediAmigo »

Le cinquèime numéro de la série des études de cas du WWP porte sur une expérience qui a influencé l’ensemble du marché brésilien actuel du microcrédit : le programme CrediAmigo, institué en 1997 par la Banque du Nord-Est (BNB), l’un des plus solidement établis d’Amérique latine. Si le cas du BNB mérite toute notre attention, c’est non seulement parce que cette banque propose ce type de service à des entreprises de l’économie informelle depuis deux décennies, mais aussi parce qu’elle a considérablement étendu ce programme, qui se caractérise de surcroît par sa viabilité opérationnelle et financière. Son portefeuille compte plus de deux millions de clients actifs et présente de faibles taux de défaut de paiement. La présente étude de cas fournit une description minutieuse des innovations continuellement injectées dans son modèle de gestion et des modifications qui lui ont été apportées pour l’adapter aux directives et réglementations régissant ce type de services financiers.Número de páginas: 38 p.Políticas Públicas e SociaisEsta publicação faz parte de uma série de estudos de caso da Iniciativa Brasileira de Aprendizagem por um Mundo sem Pobreza (WWP, por seu acrônimo em inglês)

The CrediAmigo program: urban productive inclusion through microcredit

The fifth issue of the WWP Case Study series focuses on a phenomenon that has had an impact on the entire current market microcredit in Brazil: the CrediAmigo, launched by the Banco do Nordeste(BNB) in 1997, is now one of the best consolidated programs of its type in the whole of Latin America. The BNB experience is remarkable in that the bank has not only provided credit services to informal entrepreneurs for over 20 years, but has also succeeded in expanding its services while remaining operationally and financially sustainable. The BNB portfolio has more than two million active customers, and a low default rate among borrowers. The case study explores the continuous innovation and pace of change in business models, guidelines and regulations applicable to this type of financial service.Número de páginas: 40 p.Políticas Públicas e SociaisEsta publicação faz parte de uma série de estudos de caso da Iniciativa Brasileira de Aprendizagem por um Mundo sem Pobreza (WWP, por seu acrônimo em inglês)