11,894 research outputs found
Two-Loop Crossover Scaling Functions of the O(N) Model
Using Environmentally Friendly Renormalization, we present an analytic
calculation of the series for the renormalization constants that describe the
equation of state for the model in the whole critical region. The
solution of the beta-function equation, for the running coupling to order two
loops, exhibits crossover between the strong coupling fixed point, associated
with the Goldstone modes, and the Wilson-Fisher fixed point. The Wilson
functions , and , and thus the
effective critical exponents associated with renormalization of the transverse
vertex functions, also exhibit non-trivial crossover between these fixed
points.Comment: 21 pages, 4 figures, version to appears in IJMPL
Mating Patterns and Post-Mating Isolation in Three Cryptic Species of the Engystomops Petersi Species Complex
Determining the extent of reproductive isolation in cryptic species with dynamic geographic ranges can yield important insights into the processes that generate and maintain genetic divergence in the absence of severe geographic barriers. We studied mating patterns, propensity to hybridize in nature and subsequent fertilization rates, as well as survival and development of hybrid F1 offspring for three nominal species of the Engystomops petersi species complex in YasunĂ National Park, Ecuador. We found at least two species in four out of six locations sampled, and 14.3% of the wild pairs genotyped were mixed-species (heterospecific) crosses. We also found reduced fertilization rates in hybrid crosses between E. petersi females and E. âmagnusâ males, and between E. âmagnusâ females and E. âselvaâ males but not in the reciprocal crosses, suggesting asymmetric reproductive isolation for these species. Larval development times decreased in F1 hybrid crosses compared to same species (conspecific) crosses, but we did not find significant reduction in larval survival or early metamorph survival. Our results show evidence of post-mating isolation for at least two hybrid crosses of the cryptic species we studied. The general decrease in fertilization rates in heterospecific crosses suggests that sexual selection and reinforcement might have not only contributed to the pattern of call variation and behavioral isolation we see between species today, but they may also contribute to further signal divergence and behavioral evolution, especially in locations where hybridization is common and fertilization success is diminished
Mating Patterns and Post-Mating Isolation in Three Cryptic Species of the Engystomops Petersi Species Complex
Determining the extent of reproductive isolation in cryptic species with dynamic geographic ranges can yield important insights into the processes that generate and maintain genetic divergence in the absence of severe geographic barriers. We studied mating patterns, propensity to hybridize in nature and subsequent fertilization rates, as well as survival and development of hybrid F1 offspring for three nominal species of the Engystomops petersi species complex in YasunĂ National Park, Ecuador. We found at least two species in four out of six locations sampled, and 14.3% of the wild pairs genotyped were mixed-species (heterospecific) crosses. We also found reduced fertilization rates in hybrid crosses between E. petersi females and E. âmagnusâ males, and between E. âmagnusâ females and E. âselvaâ males but not in the reciprocal crosses, suggesting asymmetric reproductive isolation for these species. Larval development times decreased in F1 hybrid crosses compared to same species (conspecific) crosses, but we did not find significant reduction in larval survival or early metamorph survival. Our results show evidence of post-mating isolation for at least two hybrid crosses of the cryptic species we studied. The general decrease in fertilization rates in heterospecific crosses suggests that sexual selection and reinforcement might have not only contributed to the pattern of call variation and behavioral isolation we see between species today, but they may also contribute to further signal divergence and behavioral evolution, especially in locations where hybridization is common and fertilization success is diminished
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