Could gestational diabetes mellitus be managed through dietary bioactive compounds? Current knowledge and future perspectives

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a serious problem growing worldwide that needs to be addressed with urgency in consideration of the resulting severe complications for both mother and fetus. Growing evidence indicates that a healthy diet rich in fruit, vegetables, nuts, extra-virgin olive oil and fish has beneficial effects in both the prevention and management of several human diseases and metabolic disorders. In this review, we discuss the latest data concerning the effects of dietary bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and PUFA on the molecular mechanisms regulating glucose homoeostasis. Several studies, mostly based on in vitro and animal models, indicate that dietary polyphenols, mainly flavonoids, positively modulate the insulin signalling pathway by attenuating hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance, reducing inflammatory adipokines, and modifying microRNA (miRNA) profiles. Very few data about the influence of dietary exposure on GDM outcomes are available, although this approach deserves careful consideration. Further investigation, which includes exploring the 'omics' world, is needed to better understand the complex interaction between dietary compounds and GDM

A database on flash flood events in Campania, southern Italy, with an evaluation of their spatial and temporal distribution

Abstract. This study presents an historical database of flash flood events in the Campania region of southern Italy. The study focuses on small catchments characterized by intermittent flow, generally occurring during and after heavy rainstorms, which can be hydrologically defined as small Mediterranean catchments. As the outlet zones of these catchments (consisting mainly of alluvial fans or fan deltas) are highly urbanized in Campania, the population living in the delivery areas is exposed to high risk. Detailed scrutiny and critical analysis of the existing literature, and of the data inventory available, allowed us to build a robust database consisting of about 500 events from 1540 to 2015, which is continuously updated. Since this study is the first step of a longer project to perform a hazard analysis, information about time and site of occurrence is known for all events. As for the hazard analysis envisaged, collecting information about past events could provide information on future events, in terms of damage and also spatial and temporal occurrence. After introducing the issue of flash floods in Italy we then describe the geological and geomorphological settings of the study area. The database is then presented, illustrating the methodology used in collecting information and its general structure. The collected data are then discussed and the statistical data analysis presented

Modulatory Effects of Polyphenols on Apoptosis Induction: Relevance for Cancer Prevention

Polyphenols, occurring in fruit and vegetables, wine, tea, extra virgin olive oil, chocolate and other cocoa products, have been demonstrated to have clear antioxidant properties in vitro, and many of their biological actions have been attributed to their intrinsic reducing capabilities. However, it has become clear that, in complex biological systems, polyphenols exhibit several additional properties which are yet poorly understood. Apoptosis is a genetically controlled and evolutionarily conserved form of cell death of critical importance for the normal embryonic development and for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis in the adult organism. The malfunction of the death machinery may play a primary role in various pathological processes, since too little or too much apoptosis can lead to proliferative or degenerative diseases, respectively. Cancer cells are characterized by a deregulated proliferation, and/or an inability to undergo programmed cell death. A large body of evidence indicates that polyphenols can exert chemopreventive effects towards different organ specific cancers, affecting the overall process of carcinogenesis by several mechanisms: inhibition of DNA synthesis, modulation of ROS production, regulation of cell cycle arrest, modulation of survival/proliferation pathways. In addition, polyphenols can directly influence different points of the apoptotic process, and/or the expression of regulatory proteins. Although the bulk of data has been obtained in in vitro systems, a number of clinical studies suggesting a preventive and therapeutic effectiveness of polyphenols in vivo is available. However, a deeper knowledge of the underlying mechanisms responsible for the modulation of apoptosis by polyphenols, and their real effectiveness, is necessary in order to propose them as potential chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic candidates for cancer treatment

Curcumin: could this compound be useful in pregnancy and pregnancy-related complications?

Curcumin, the main polyphenol contained in turmeric root (Curcuma longa), has played a significant role in medicine for centuries. The growing interest in plant-derived substances has led to increased consumption of them also in pregnancy. The pleiotropic and multi-targeting actions of curcumin have made it very attractive as a health-promoting compound. In spite of the beneficial effects observed in various chronic diseases in humans, limited and fragmentary information is currently available about curcumin's effects on pregnancy and pregnancy-related complications. It is known that immune-metabolic alterations occurring during pregnancy have consequences on both maternal and fetal tissues, leading to short- and long-term complications. The reported anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitoxicant, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, antiapoptotic, antiangiogenic, anti-hypertensive, and antidiabetic properties of curcumin appear to be encouraging, not only for the management of pregnancy-related disorders, including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), preeclampsia (PE), depression, preterm birth, and fetal growth disorders but also to contrast damage induced by natural and chemical toxic agents. The current review summarizes the latest data, mostly obtained from animal models and in vitro studies, on the impact of curcumin on the molecular mechanisms involved in pregnancy pathophysiology, with the aim to shed light on the possible beneficial and/or adverse effects of curcumin on pregnancy outcomes

Genesi, evoluzione e paleografia delle grotte costiere di marina di Camerota (parco nazionale del Cilento Vallo Di Diano, Italia Meridionale)

ItLa costa tra Marina di Camerota e P.to Infreschi (SA) presenta numerose grotte, già note per il loro valore preistorico. E’ stato condotto uno studio geomorfologico e stratigrafico, per delucidare la loro genesi ed evoluzione. Sono stati individuati 4 tipi di cavità: grotte sviluppate in depositi marini o continentali, grotte in substrato calcareo impostate su faglia o frattura, grotte associate all’emergenza di una falda in rete e relitti di cavità crollate. All’interno delle cavità sono stati riconosciuti diversi stazionamenti del livello del mare. Le grotte studiate contengono il registro delle oscillazioni eustatiche e climatiche tardo pleistoceniche, oltre che importanti tracce preistoriche. Esse possono dunque essere considerate geositi di rilevanza nazionale e come tali devono essere preservate e valorizzate in maniera adeguata.EnThe coastline between Marina di Camerota and the bay of Porto Infreschi (Province of Salerno) is characterized by several caves, known above all for their prehistoric records. We carried out a detailed study of these caves in order to better understand their genesis and evolution in function of the main middle and late Pleistocene eustatic sea level fluctuations.Along the coastal sector four different kind of cave have been identified. The first one includes caves developed into Pleistocene marine conglomerates or into slope breccias, located at altitude higher than the present see level and which are associated with ancient see level. The second one contains fault-guided or joint-guided caves developed into carbonate bedrock; some are active and some other are fossil. The third kind includes phreatic caves cut into carbonate bedrock. Generally, they are present in group and developed along front line(for example, the case of the bay of Porto Infreschi). The last one is represented by the remains of collapsed caves; which are visible for the presence of marine deposits, speleothems and remains of alluvial fan along the sea cliff (i. e. the case of the Riparo degli Infreschi cave). Into the caves the traces of at least three different high stands located at altitude of 8.5-8, 4.5, 3.5 m a.s.l. which can be referred to the Last Interglacial period have been observed (ESPOSITO et al., 2002). Moreover in the Porto Infreschi caves are clearly recorded moments of speleothems formations between the different phases of marine ingression.During the low stands of the isotopic stages 4 and 3 the most of the caves were abandoned by the sea and they became a safe refuge for the prehistoric man. The richness of their stratigraphical record, from a paleoclimatical and archaeological point of view, in addition to their prehistoric importance, allow many of these caves to be considered as important "geosites"

Effect of protocatechuic acid on insulin responsiveness and inflammation in visceral adipose tissue from obese individuals: possible role for PTP1B

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Competing land uses and sustainable development: regional planning and natural resources uses in some vulnerable areas of South of Italy

The paper focuses on the competitive land uses generated, on one side, by the advantages related to the exploitation of endogenous energy resources, and, on the other side, by the aim of protection of natural and anthropic ecosystems – dealing with the increasing awareness of the opportunities it offers in terms of economic profit and “long lasting development” - according to two points of view: - the wide range of conflicts, impacts and risks related to both oil and renewable energy production processes; - the capacity of the public decision-making system and of the spatial planning to trigger “autonomous” and sustainable development paths. In particular, the paper focuses on the conflicts caused by the growing spread of offshore wind power plants (because of the hard management of their impacts on coastal land zones) and on the impacts of oil exploitation activities on the wide “inland” and “fragile” areas (where oil production process starts) considering its effects on coastal areas (where oil is delivered and refined). The areas under investigation are the inland areas of Basilicata included in the extraction basin of the “Viggiano Oli” Center, in the Province of Potenza, from which originates an oil production cycle that reaches the coastal areas of Puglia (in particular that of the Province of Taranto). In addition, the coastal areas of Puglia will be considered as regards to the impacts of the offshore wind farms. Some final considerations concern the role of the land use and maritime spatial planning in steering a “resilience” strategy for the areas involved in energy supply activities, considering the analysis of the “multidimensional” risks (environmental, economic and social) triggered by the hard economy of oil, or by the exploitation of renewable energy resources, such as the wind power