New Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes derived from an imidazolium ionic liquid-based Schiff base: synthesis, physico chemical characterization and exploration of antibacterial activities

311-316Two new Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes from an imidazolium ionic liquid based Schiff base 1-{2-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylideneamino)ethyl}-3-ethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate have been synthesized and characterized by different analytical and spectroscopic techniques such as elemental analysis (CHN analysis), UV-Visible, 1H-NMR, FTIR, Mass-spectra, Powder X-ray diffraction analysis, magnetic susceptibility measurements and molar conductance data. From these analytical results, tetra coordinated 1:2 metal-ligand stoichiometry is suggested for the both complexes. The molar conductance data of the complexes reveal their electrolytic nature (1:2). The synthesized complexes along with the ligand have been screened for in vitro antibacterial applications against gram negative and gram positive bacteria to assess their inhibition potentials. The complexes are proved to be very effective against the tested organisms

Numerical and physical simulations of the displacement of synthetic oil mixtures

Numerical simulation and experiments are often used to study the mixing phenomenon of the fluids during an unstable displacement process. One of the deficiencies of the conventional compositional reservoir simulators for predicting the unstable displacement process is that these simulators all involve the use of the assumption that fluids in each grid block are in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium. In reality, the different fluid phases coexisting in each grid block may not be in equilibrium with each other because of insufficient contact time. The main objective of this study is to develop a non-equilibrium phase behaviour model for compositional simulation of the unstable displacement process and is to verify the simulation results with experimental data. Physical simulations of the displacement process were carried out in a slim-tube apparatus. Four synthetic oil mixtures were used as displaced fluids and four gases were used as displacing fluids. A total of fifteen experiments were performed at displacement pressures ranging from 2390 psia to 3430 psia and with injection rates varying from 0.048 to 0.127 PV/hr. The results of the experiments are presented. A model has been developed to calculate the non-equilibrium phase behaviour of the fluids under displacement process conditions. The model is based on the mixing parameter model proposed by Todd and Longstaff (1972) and the concept of Murphree efficiency commonly used in multicomponent, multistage separation calculations. Phase behaviour calculations are performed for the fluids over the entire grid block under non-equilibrium conditions. The deviation from equilibrium in respect of each component is considered a function of the equilibrium K-value and the effective mobility ratio of the in-situ fluids. Efficient algorithms for phase behaviour calculations (e.g., flash calculations and saturation pressure calculations) generally used in the numerical simulations are presented. An acceleration scheme based on the dominant eigenvalue method coupled with Newton's method is developed for two-phase flash calculations. Effective switching criteria are suggested for the switch over of the acceleration scheme to Newton's method. The proposed method is robust and fast for flash calculations when the specifications are near the critical state values of the fluid mixtures. The performance of the proposed method is compared with those of other improved methods for flash calculations. An algorithm is developed to accelerate the convergence of phase-boundary calculations using Newton's method. The algorithm takes advantage of the history of the iterates and uses the derivative of the iterates to further improve the iterates after three Newton steps. The performance of the proposed algorithm shows its superiority over that of Newton's method particularly when the specifications are near the critical state values of the fluid mixtures. Comparisons of the performance of the proposed algorithm with that of Newton's method and other acceleration algorithms for Newton's method are presented. Comparisons of the numerical simulation results based on the proposed non-equilibrium phase behaviour model with the experimental data obtained from the slim-tube displacement tests for well-defined hydrocarbon systems and with simulation results based on conventional equilibrium phase behaviour model are presented

Food Security Status in Bangladesh: An Analytical Overview

Food is a basic human need for human survival To achieve Millennium Development Goals food security has become top most concern for Bangladesh This paper examines performance challenges and policies in food security in terms of availability access and absorption or nutrition Specifically this paper focuses on the progress in supply side of food in terms of availability at the national level and how far has Bangladesh progressed in attaining access to food and nutrition requirements at the household level The paper argues in favor of strengthening the role of various social safety net programs increasing subsidy in agriculture sector and enhancing purchasing power of the people food security production and availability of food grains This paper has also given attention on the effect of inflation on price of food grains The paper concludes that Bangladesh should target self-sufficiency in food grains production to satisfy domestic demand in normal production year

Food Security Status in Bangladesh: An Analytical Overview

Food is a basic human need for human survival To achieve Millennium Development Goals food security has become top most concern for Bangladesh This paper examines performance challenges and policies in food security in terms of availability access and absorption or nutrition Specifically this paper focuses on the progress in supply side of food in terms of availability at the national level and how far has Bangladesh progressed in attaining access to food and nutrition requirements at the household level The paper argues in favor of strengthening the role of various social safety net programs increasing subsidy in agriculture sector and enhancing purchasing power of the people food security production and availability of food grains This paper has also given attention on the effect of inflation on price of food grains The paper concludes that Bangladesh should target self-sufficiency in food grains production to satisfy domestic demand in normal production year

Food inflation in Bangladesh: causes and consequences

This paper explains the historical trend of food inflation in Bangladesh. The paper investigates the main factors that were the driving forces of food inflation in Bangladesh over the years. Using 12 years data it is found that some of the short run factors like floods, cyclones, droughts, lack of grain reserves and high oil prices as well as some of the long run factors such as controlling supply chain through syndication, negligence of agriculture sector, trade liberalization and increasing trade deficit, increasing dependency on import, fluctuations of food grain prices in domestic Market and currency depreciation are mainly responsible for rising food inflation in Bangladesh. Consequences of food inflation are most severe on poor and middle class people. Due to middle men and brokers farmers did not get the benefit of increase of price of food grain

Imidazolium Ionic Liquid-Supported Schiff Base and Its Transition Metal Complexes: Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization and Exploration of Antimicrobial Activities

New Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) metal complexes from an imidazolium ionic liquid supported Schiff base, 1-{2-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylideneamino)ethyl}-3-ethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate were synthesized and characterized by different analytical and spectroscopic techniques such as elemental analysis (CHN analysis), UV-Visible, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, powder X-ray diffraction, mass-spectra, magnetic susceptibility measurements and molar conductance data. From these spectroscopic and analytical data, tetra coordinated 1:2 metal-ligand stoichiometry was suggested for the metal complexes. The molar conductance data of the complexes revealed their electrolytic nature (1:2). The synthesized complexes along with the ligand were screened for in vitro antibacterial applications against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria to assess their inhibition potentials. The complexes were proved very effective against the tested organisms

New Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes derived from an imidazolium ionic liquid-based Schiff base : Synthesis, Physico chemical characterization and exploration of Antibacterial activities

Two new Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes from an imidazolium ionic liquid based Schiff base 1-{2-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylideneamino)ethyl}-3-ethylimidazolium tetrafluoro -borate were synthesized and characterized by different analytical and spectroscopic techniques such as elemental analysis (CHN analysis), UV-Visible, 1H-NMR, FT-IR, Mass-spectra, Powder X-ray diffraction analysis, magnetic susceptibility measurements and molar conductance data. From these analytical results, tetra coordinated 1:2 metal-ligand stoichiometry was suggested for the both complexes. The molar conductance data of the complexes revealed their electrolytic nature (1:2). The synthesized complexes along with the ligand were screened for in vitro antibacterial applications against gram negative and gram positive bacteria to assess their inhibition potentials. The complexes were proved very effective against the tested organisms

Development of the Financial System In India: Assessment Of Financial Depth & Access

In this paper we have a look at the development of the financial system in India during 1990 till 2010 based on the World Bank Global Financial Development data base. More specifically we focus on two dimensions, financial depth and access, and two segments, financial institutions and financial markets. Germany is used as benchmark country. We found that India has a well developed stock market and market capitalization in Bombay stock market is higher than that of Germany. But financial system in India mainly market based and dominated by financial market relative to financial institutions. As a result well developed stock market is not able to compensate the underdeveloped financial institutions and bond market in India. Keywords: Financial Development, Growth, Liberalization and Recession.

Synthesis, physico-chemical characterization and antibacterial studies of new Fe(III) and Cr(III) complexes with an ionic liquid-supported Schiff base ligand

155-161An ionic liquid-supported Schiff base 1-{2-(2-hydroxy-5-bromobenzylamine)ethyl}-3-ethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and its Fe(III) and Cr(III) complexes has been prepared and characterized by various analytical and spectroscopic methods such as elemental analysis, UV-visible, FTIR, 1H NMR, mass spectra, TGA/DTG, molar conductance and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Based on these spectral studies octahedral geometry has been proposed for both complexes. Molar conductance of the complexes is showing their electrolytic nature. The Schiff base ligand and its complexes have tested for in vitro antibacterial activities against gram positive and gram negative bacteria to assess their inhibition potentials. Cr(III) complex has shown higher activity than the Fe(III) complex against the tested bacteria S. aureus and E. coli.</em

Be active: a food-based dietary guideline for elderly South Africans

The goal of this paper is to support the ‘Be active!’ food-based dietary guideline (FBDG) for South Africans of seven years and older by means of a technical guideline regarding physical activity (PA) specifically for the elderly. Optimal nutrition and physical activity (PA) are essential to ensure healthy ageing. PA is an integral part of a healthy lifestyle; however; the rate of low PA in the elderly (59.7%) is high in South Africa (SA). Regular PA reduces the risks of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, heart diseases and cancers. Therefore, this review study aims to gather available information concerning PA and suitable methods to promote PA among the elderly in SA. Lack of environmental support for PA, trainers, PA-educated caregivers, poor knowledge about the recommended level of PA and its benefits, lack of motivation by healthcare providers, poor health and nutritional status, and lack of opportunity for social engagement prevent the elderly from participating in PA. Elderly individuals without any physical challenges should participate in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic PA in a week, or at least 75 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity aerobic PA or an equivalent combination of both types of aerobic PA. It is better to start PA slowly and increase the duration and frequency gradually. Even those who have some disease limitations should try to change their status from ‘inactive or no activity’ to ‘some level of activity’ to enjoy the health benefits of PA. More research and programmes focusing on promotion of PA need to be implemented in order to improve PA among the elderly in SA