Un saber geográfico en acción: Hans Steffen y el litigio patagónico 1892-1902

This article examines the work of Hans Steffen as geographer of the government of Chile between 1892 and 1902 in the litigation against Argentina for the delimitation of Patagonia. This conflict confronted two scientific criteria to address the political boundaries: the division of water, or "divortium aquarum" defended by Chile and the notion of the highest peaks of the range, or "main chain", supported by Argentina. Here we analyze how Steffen prepared the Chilean position, from his explorations and studies, and for the Court of Arbitration in London, where both views were defended

Influences of thermal environment on fish growth

Indexación: Scopus.Thermoregulation in ectothermic animals is influenced by the ability to effectively respond to thermal variations. While it is known that ectotherms are affected by thermal changes, it remains unknown whether physiological and/or metabolic traits are impacted by modifications to the thermal environment. Our research provides key evidence that fish ectotherms are highly influenced by thermal variability during development, which leads to important modifications at several metabolic levels (e.g., growth trajectories, microstructural alterations, muscle injuries, and molecular mechanisms). In Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), a wide thermal range (ΔT 6.4°C) during development (posthatch larvae to juveniles) was associated with increases in key thermal performance measures for survival and growth trajectory. Other metabolic traits were also significantly influenced, such as size, muscle cellularity, and molecular growth regulators possibly affected by adaptive processes. In contrast, a restricted thermal range (ΔT 1.4°C) was detrimental to growth, survival, and cellular microstructure as muscle growth could not keep pace with increased metabolic demands. These findings provide a possible basic explanation for the effects of thermal environment during growth. In conclusion, our results highlight the key role of thermal range amplitude on survival and on interactions with major metabolism-regulating processes that have positive adaptive effects for organisms.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.3239/ful

Methane production from mixed tropical savanna and forest vegetation in Venezuela

International audienceMeasurements of methane concentrations in the boundary layer in the northern part of the Guayana shield, Venezuela, during the wet season (October 1988), showed the presence of substantial methane surface emissions. The measuring site is within the savanna climate region, but is affected by emissions from savanna and forest vegetation. From day versus night concentration measurements, with higher concentrations during night, a methane source strength near the site of 3?7×1011 molecules/cm2/s can be estimated, which includes emissions from small tracts of flooded soils, termites and especially tropical vegetation. Extrapolated to the entire savanna, this may imply a methane source of ~30?60 Tg yr?1 similar to the one calculated for tropical vegetation on the basis of recently published in vitro plant emission experiments by Keppler et al. (2006), which indicate emissions of ~30 Tg yr?1 for tropical savannas and grasslands and ~78 Tg yr?1 for tropical forests

Presence of Appendix Fibrosa Hepatitis: Study of Bioanthropological and Structure Correlation

Indexacion: ScieloRESUMEN: El apéndice fibroso hepático es una estructura anatómica del espacio subfrénico, poco descrita en la literatura universal y de importancia clínica. Se diseñó un protocolo para ser realizado en cadáveres donde se determina su presencia, características y correlación estadística con factores antropométricos. En 24 cadáveres se determina que el apéndice fibroso hepático siempre está presente, y que no existe correlación estadísticamente significativa, pero sí se observa variabilidad entre las dimensiones biométricas analizadas. SUMMARY: The hepatic fibrous appendix is an anatomical structure of the subfrenic space scarcely described in the universal literature and of vital clinical importance. For their study a protocol was designed to be carried out in cadavers where its presence is determined, characteristic and statistical correlation with anthropometric factors. In 24 cadavers it is determined that the hepatic fibrous appendix is always present, and that correlation doesn't exist statistically significant among the analyzed anthropological factors, but it's possible to observe variability in it's dimensions

Características e controle da podridão "olho de boi" nas maçãs do sul do Brasil.

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An Arabidopsis thaliana arabinogalactan-protein (AGP31) and several cationic AGP fragments catalyse the boron bridging of rhamnogalacturonan-II

Rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) is a complex pectic domain in plant primary cell walls. In vivo, most RG-II domains are covalently dimerised via borate diester bridges, essential for correct cell-wall assembly, but the dimerisation of pure RG-II monomers by boric acid in vitro is extremely slow. Cationic ‘chaperones’ can promote dimerisation, probably by overcoming the mutual repulsion between neighbouring anionic RG-II molecules. Highly effective artificial chaperones include Pb(2+) and polyhistidine, but the proposed natural chaperones remained elusive. We have now tested cationic peptide fragments of several Arabidopsis thaliana arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) as candidates. Fragments of AGP17, 18, 19 and 31 were effective, typically at ∼25 µg/ml (9–19 µM), promoting the boron bridging of 16–20 µM monomeric RG-II at pH 4.8 in vitro. Native AGP31 glycoprotein was also effective, and hexahistidine was moderately so. All chaperones tested interacted reversibly with RG-II and were not consumed during the reaction; thus they acted catalytically, and may constitute the first reported boron-acting enzyme activity, an RG-II borate diesterase. Many of the peptide chaperones became less effective catalysts at higher concentration, which we interpret as due to the formation of RG-II–peptide complexes with a net positive charge, as mutually repulsive as negatively charged pure RG-II molecules. The four unique AGPs studied here may serve an enzymic role in the living plant cell, acting on RG-II within Golgi cisternae and/or in the apoplast after secretion. In this way, RG-II and specific AGPs may contribute to cell-wall assembly and hence plant cell expansion and development

The Proteome of Biologically Active Membrane Vesicles from Piscirickettsia salmonis LF-89 Type Strain Identifies Plasmid-Encoded Putative Toxins

Indexación: Scopus.Piscirickettsia salmonis is the predominant bacterial pathogen affecting the Chilean salmonid industry. This bacterium is the etiological agent of piscirickettsiosis, a significant fish disease. Membrane vesicles (MVs) released by P. salmonis deliver several virulence factors to host cells. To improve on existing knowledge for the pathogenicity-associated functions of P. salmonis MVs, we studied the proteome of purified MVs from the P. salmonis LF-89 type strain using multidimensional protein identification technology. Initially, the cytotoxicity of different MV concentration purified from P. salmonis LF-89 was confirmed in an in vivo adult zebrafish infection model. The cumulative mortality of zebrafish injected with MVs showed a dose-dependent pattern. Analyses identified 452 proteins of different subcellular origins; most of them were associated with the cytoplasmic compartment and were mainly related to key functions for pathogen survival. Interestingly, previously unidentified putative virulence-related proteins were identified in P. salmonis MVs, such as outer membrane porin F and hemolysin. Additionally, five amino acid sequences corresponding to the Bordetella pertussis toxin subunit 1 and two amino acid sequences corresponding to the heat-labile enterotoxin alpha chain of Escherichia coli were located in the P. salmonis MV proteome. Curiously, these putative toxins were located in a plasmid region of P. salmonis LF-89. Based on the identified proteins, we propose that the protein composition of P. salmonis LF-89 MVs could reflect total protein characteristics of this P. salmonis type strain. © 2017 Oliver, Hernández, Tandberg, Valenzuela, Lagos, Haro, Sánchez, Ruiz, Sanhueza-Oyarzún, Cortés, Villar, Artigues, Winther-Larsen, Avendaño-Herrera and Yáñez.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2017.00420/ful

Projeto-piloto de promoção comercial de frutas da produção integrada: fundamentos e resultados.

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