ASAS HUKUM PENERBITAN SURAT PEMBERITAHUAN DIMULAINYA PENYIDIKAN (SPDP) DALAM PROSES PENYIDIKAN

Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana keberadaan asas hukum acara pidana dalam pembatasan waktu Surat Pemberitahuan Dimulainya Penyidikan (SPDP) dalam proses penyidikan dan apa yang menjadi faktor penghambat pembatasan waktu Surat Pemberitahuan Dimulainya Penyidikan oleh penyidi kepada kejaksan. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normative, disimpulkan: 1. Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 130/PUU-XIII/2015 menyatakan arti penting SPDP dalam 3 (tiga) hal utama yaitu kesesuian dengan asas hukum acara pidana nasional terlebih asas kepastian hukum dan peradilan cepat dan terbuka, jalannya sistem peradilan terpadu dan Pemenuhan hak asasi manusia yang sejak semula menjadi komitmen utama pembentuk KUHAP. Mahkamah dalam pertimbangan putusannya telah berhasil mengelaborasikan kepentingan hukum dengan metode penafsiran yang tepat sehingga menghasilkan terobosan hukum dalam menemukan kebenaran substantif dari Pasal 109 ayat (1) KUHAP. SPDP tidak lagi menjadi monopoli antara Penyidik dan Penuntut Umum tetapi berubah kedudukannya sebagai bukti sekaligus tanda komitmen penegakan hukum yang terbuka dan memenuhi kepastian hukum sehingga, SPDP menjadi bagian penting yang wajib ada dalam proses peradilan pidana untuk dimintakan kepada penyidik oleh ketiga pihak ini ketika suatu proses perkara pidana berjalan dalam tahap penyidikan. 2.         Faktor penghambat keberadaan pembatasan waktu SPDP dalam proses penyidikan meliputi 2 (dua) faktor diantaranya, factor perundang-undangan yaitu belum adanya aturan hukum yang mengatur pemberian sanksi serta akibat hukum yang timbul atas kelalaian atau kesengajaan penyidik yang tidak memberikan SPDP kepada penuntut umum, pelapor/korban, dan terlapor dalam jangka waktu maksimal 7 (tujuh) hari setelah terbit surat perintah penyidikan. Faktor aparat penegak hukum yaitu rendahnya upaya mewujudkan kepastian hukum dari oknum penyidik terkait implementasi pemberian SPDP, serta jumlah penyidik yang tidak sebanding dengan perkara yang ditangani .Kata kunci:  Asas Hukum, Penerbitan Surat Pemberitahuan, Proses Penyidika

A Ram-Jet Engine for Fighters

Simple and accurate calculations are made of the flow process in a continuous compressorless Lorin jet-propulsion unit. Experimental confirmation is given from towing tests on an airplane at flying speeds up to 200 miles per second. An analysis is made of the performance of a fighter-type airplane designed for utilization of this propulsion system

Design and performance of a fixed, nonaccelerating, guide vane cascade that operates over an inlet flow angle range of 60 deg

A unique set of wind tunnel guide vanes are designed with an inverse design code and analyzed with a panel method and an integral boundary layer code developed at the NASA Lewis Research Center. The fixed guide vanes, 80 feet long with 6-foot chord length, were designed for the NASA Ames 40 x 80/80 x 120 ft Wind Tunnel. Low subsonic flow is accepted over a 60 deg range of inlet angle from either the 40 x 80 leg or the 80 x 120 leg of the wind tunnel, and directed axially into the main leg of the tunnel where drive fans are located. Experimental tests of 1/10-scale models were conducted to verify design calculations

Lateral Zonation of Trees along a Small Ohio Stream

Author Institution: Department of Botany and Bacteriology, Ohio Wesleyan UniversityRiparian-vegetation patterns along a small stream in Ohio were examined with multivariate and graphical analyses. The study focused on elevational differences in larger tree species (>10 cm DBH = diameter at breast height) on a floodplain bench, floodplain slope, and upland terrace. The three habitat zones showed differences in floral assemblages related to the flooding tolerance of tree species, the floodplain bench showing ash-maple dominance and the other habitats yielding maple-beech-oak dominance. The floral differences were likely attributable to natural and human impacts, particularly stream flooding and possibly past logging. The results and a literature review suggest that hydrologic disturbances (for example, flooding) create predictable, parallel patterns in floral assemblages along a lateral (stream-edge to upland) gradient. Riparian assessments in the lateral dimension can provide information to predict the effects of anthropogenic instream-flow alterations on riparian ecosystems, including small tributaries

(Non)Parallel Developmental Mechanisms in Vertebrate Appendage Reduction and Loss

Appendages have been reduced or lost hundreds of times during vertebrate evolution. This phenotypic convergence may be underlain by shared or different molecular mechanisms in distantly related vertebrate clades. To investigate, we reviewed the developmental and evolutionary literature of appendage reduction and loss in more than a dozen vertebrate genera from fish to mammals. We found that appendage reduction and loss was nearly always driven by modified gene expression as opposed to changes in coding sequences. Moreover, expression of the same genes was repeatedly modified across vertebrate taxa. However, the specific mechanisms by which expression was modified were rarely shared. The multiple routes to appendage reduction and loss suggest that adaptive loss of function phenotypes might arise routinely through changes in expression of key developmental genes

The Stability of Angiotensin I Formed at Room Temperature in the Presence of Ethylenediaminetetraacetate to Subsequent Incubation at 37 °C

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