Promovendo a comunidade, compartilhando poder: lições para a construção de culturas escolares de justiça restaurativa

Increasingly, education policymakers are touting restorative justice as a way to interrupt the “school-to-prison pipeline,” which disproportionately impacts students by race, sexuality, and disability. A small but growing research literature suggests that restorative justice decreases suspension and behavioral incidents, while improving school climate—particularly when embraced as a schoolwide ethos, rather than a targeted disciplinary strategy. Restorative justice represents a marked departure from long-standing punitive approaches to discipline, however, and school communities are eager for support in navigating this culture shift. To this end, this article presents findings from case studies of five diverse NYC schools using restorative justice approaches. Drawing on qualitative data from interviews and focus groups with educators, students, parents, and school safety agents, our findings provide insight into key practices and resources, stakeholder perceptions, and challenges of and practical strategies for building holistic, schoolwide restorative justice. We present a series of “lessons” to inform restorative justice practice and policy, underscoring the importance of community-building, deliberate resources and infrastructure, interrogating localized and systemic power dynamics, and elevating student leadership. Cada vez más, los formuladores de políticas educativas recomiendan la justicia restaurativa como una forma de interrumpir la “pipelinede la escuela a la prisión”, que impacta desproporcionadamente a los estudiantes por raza, sexualidad y discapacidad. Los investigadores sugieren que la justicia restaurativa disminuye la suspensión y los incidentes de comportamiento, al tiempo que mejora el clima escolar, particularmente cuando se adopta como un espíritu de toda la escuela, no como una estrategia disciplinaria. Este artículo presenta los resultados de estudios de caso de cinco escuelas diversas de Nueva York que utilizan enfoques de justicia restaurativa. Basándose en datos cualitativos de entrevistas y grupos focales con educadores, estudiantes, padres y agentes de seguridad escolar, nuestros hallazgos brindan información sobre prácticas y recursos clave, percepciones de las partes interesadas y estrategias para construir justicia restaurativa holística en toda la escuela. Presentamos una serie de “lecciones” para informar la práctica y la política de justicia restaurativa, subrayando la importancia de la construcción de la comunidad, recursos e infraestructura deliberados, interrogando dinámicas de poder localizadas y sistémicas, y elevando el liderazgo estudiantil. Cada vez mais, os formuladores de políticas educacionais recomendam justiça restaurativa como uma maneira de interromper o “pipeline da escola para a prisão”, que afeta de forma desproporcional os alunos por raça, sexualidade e deficiência. Os pesquisadores sugerem que a justiça restaurativa diminui a suspensão e os incidentes comportamentais, ao mesmo tempo em que melhora o clima escolar - principalmente quando adotado como ethos em toda a escola, não como uma estratégia disciplinar. Este artigo apresenta as conclusões de estudos de caso de cinco escolas de Nova York usando abordagens de justiça restaurativa. Com base em dados qualitativos de entrevistas e grupos focais com educadores, alunos, pais e agentes de segurança da escola, nossas descobertas fornecem informações sobre práticas e recursos importantes, percepções das partes interessadas e estratégias para a construção de justiça restaurativa holística em toda a escola. Apresentamos uma série de “lições” para informar práticas e políticas de justiça restaurativa, ressaltando a importância da construção da comunidade, recursos e infraestrutura deliberados, interrogando a dinâmica de poder localizada e sistêmica e elevando a liderança dos estudantes

Effect of exogenous enzymes on ruminal fermentation, pelletability and palatability of blueberry products in equine feed, and the effects of quantity of protein and starch on equine cecal environment

Master of ScienceDepartment of Animal Sciences and IndustryTeresa L DouthitEnhancing ruminal fermentation of feed is an important consideration for producers of beef and dairy cattle. One method for enhancing fermentation of fiber is application of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) to feed. To determine whether method used to apply EFE impacts fermentation parameters by bovine ruminal microorganisms, 3 methods of applying Vista Pre-T (AB Vista, Inc., Plantation, FL.) on a total mixed ration (TMR) were evaluated: sprayed liquid enzyme (wet), liquid enzyme combined with molasses (molasses) prior to mixing molasses into TMR, and dried enzyme added to vitamin and mineral premix (dry) prior to mixing vitamin and mineral premix into TMR. Five grams (dry matter; DM) treated TMR, which were calculated to contain 4.82 mg (DM) Vista Pre-T, were placed into fermentation bottles. Additionally, there also were cultures that received 5 g (DM) untreated TMR with 2.41 mg (DM) liquid Vista Pre-T dosed directly (direct-dosed) into fermentation bottles at the time of inoculation. Negative control cultures contained 5 g (DM) untreated TMR and were not exposed to EFE. One hundred twenty-five milliliters McDougall’s buffer and 25 mL ruminal fluid, which served as inoculum, were combined with TMR in fermentation bottles. Bottles were sparged with N2, fitted with gas pressure monitoring modules, and incubated for 48 h at 39°C. Molasses enzyme application reduced maximum rate of gas production and increased time to reach half maximum gas production compared to all other applications (P ≤ 0.05). Wet application led to greater terminal pH compared to all other treatments (P ≤ 0.05). Cultures containing molasses treatment had greater (P ≤ 0.02) terminal pH compared to dry and direct-dosed treatments. Concentrations of total VFA, acetate, propionate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate were not affected (P ≥ 0.12) by application method. Acetate:propionate ratio was increased when cultures contained molasses treatment compared to direct-dosed and negative control cultures (P ≤ 0.01). Butyrate concentrations were greater when cultures contained molasses compared to all treatments (P ≤ 0.009) except dry (P = 0.07). Molasses and dry application methods resulted in greater valerate concentrations (P ≤ 0.03) compared to cultures containing wet treatment. Dry application led to greater caproate concentrations compared to all treatments (P ≤ 0.02) except molasses (P = 0.40). In vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) was greater for cultures containing dry and molasses treatments than all other application methods (P ≤ 0.0009). Neutral detergent fiber disappearance (NDFD) was greatest for cultures containing dry application (P < 0.0001) with wet application method yielding the lowest NDFD (P < 0.0001); however, ranges observed for all parameters were small. While molasses treatment had the greatest impact on dry matter disappearance in vitro, this effect has not been confirmed in vivo. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of liquid blueberry juice (BJ65) or blueberry puree (BP30) used as a binding agent on pellet durability and palatability of a typical equine concentrate when included at 4% of the pellet. Molasses was used as a control. Production data, pellet durability, and moisture content were evaluated in 1 replicate for each treatment. Because moisture content of condition mashes was 17.59% and 18.11% for BJ65 and BP30 treatments, respectively, greater inclusion of blueberry product would likely cause roller slippage and complicate the pelleting process due to increased liquid. Pellet durability met industry standards for all treatments. Pellets were fed in a 3-period crossover study to 9 two-year-old horses to determine the effect of blueberry products on acceptability. All animals were allowed 10 min to consume 1.36 kg at 0700 h and 1700 h each day for 3 d. Consumption time and amount consumed were recorded to calculate intake, intake rate, and intake ratio (IR). No horses consumed all pellets within the allotted time, and thus, treatment differences for intake and intake rate were the same. Period tended to impact intake (P = 0.0909), with horses consuming less during period 1 than period 3 (P = 0.0317), but period had no effect (P = 0.2881) on IR. Treatment influenced intake (P < 0.0001), with decreased intake of BP30 compared to control and BJ65 (P ≤ 0.0001). Intake ratio was greater (P = 0.0075) for BJ65 than BP30 with IR of 0.5069 and 0.4227, respectively. Because IR of 0.50 indicates equal consumption of treatment pellets compared to control, consumption of BJ65 was no different than control. Thus, BJ65 appears to be more acceptable to horses than BP30 when included in dietary pellets at this rate. Fluctuations in relative abundances of microorganisms in the equine hindgut have been associated with colic, and, while equine diets contain varying ratios of forage:concentrate, little is known regarding effects of increasing dietary starch on the microbiome of the equine hindgut. Thus, an experiment was conducted with six cecally cannulated horses (524 ± 65.5 kg BW) to evaluate effects of increasing dietary starch on equine cecal microbiota. Starch was supplied via pelleted corn and increased by 0.5 g starch·kg BW-1·meal-1 every 7 d until horses received 3.5 g starch·kg BW-1·meal-1. Smooth bromegrass hay and water were offered ad libitum. Meals were fed every 6 h, starting at 0600 h. On d 7 of each period, cecal digesta were collected every 2 h for 12 h, with the h 0 collection occurring prior to the 0600 h feeding. Cecal samples obtained from all time points for a given level of dietary starch within an individual horse were pooled, DNA was extracted for PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene (V3 and V4 regions), and sequencing was performed using an Illumina MiSeq. Mothur was utilized for clustering of features and operational taxonomical units (OTUs), and sequences were submitted to SILVA database for identification. Data were analyzed (SAS version 9.4) as a completely randomized design with fixed effect of treatment (g starch·kg BW-1·meal-1) and random effect of horse. Across treatments, Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum, followed by Bacteroidota. Feeding 1.5 g starch·kg BW-1·meal-1 elicited the greatest changes in microbiota, indicated by decreased (P ≤ 0.0469) relative abundances (RA) of Rikenellaceae, Prevotellaceae, RF16 group, Spirochaetaceae, Alloprevotella, Prevotella UCG-003, Prevotella UCG-004, RF16 group genus, and Treponema compared to all other treatments. Conversely, feeding 1.5 g starch·kg BW-1·meal-1 resulted in increased (P ≤ 0.0045) RA of Christensenellaceae and the R-7 group genus compared to all other treatments. If a horse presented with symptoms of colic, it was removed from the experiment. Data obtained when feeding 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g starch·kg BW-1·meal-1 were compared between horses that completed the trial and those removed using a covariate of 0 g starch·kg BW-1·meal-1. When consuming 0 g starch·kg BW-1·meal-1, horses that persisted had greater (P ≤ 0.00454) RA of Aeromonadales, Succinivibrionaceae, and Selenomonadaceae compared to horses that were removed. When feeding 0.5 g starch·kg BW-1·meal-1, no differences in RA of taxa were detected between horses that persisted and horses that would later be removed. Horses that were removed had greater RA of Colidextribacter (P = 0.0057) compared to horses that persisted when feeding 1.0 g starch·kg BW-1·meal-1. When consuming 1.5 g starch·kg BW-1·meal-1, horses that persisted had greater (P ≤ 0.0500) RA of Negativicutes, Acidaminococcales, Acidaminococcaceae, Phascolarctobacterium, and Ruminococcus compared to horses that were removed. This is one of the first reports describing effects of gradually increasing dietary starch on equine cecal microbiota in vivo. As well, this is the first report to compare cecal microbiota of horses tolerant of increasing dietary starch to those susceptible to colic in response to such dietary challenge. Dietary protein recommendations for equines are not consistent and may not account for microbial nitrogen requirements in the equine hindgut. To assess the impact of nitrogen on fermentation by equine cecal microorganisms, cecal fluid from 4 cecally cannulated horses was used to inoculate fermentation bottles containing buffer, forage, and supplemental nitrogen. In experiment 1, sodium caseinate (SC) provided 0, 0.5, 1, 2, or 4% additional CP to bottles containing alfalfa (22.4% CP) or native warm season prairie grass hay (4.8% CP). Bottles were equipped with continuous gas pressure monitors and placed into a shaking incubator for 48 h at 39°C. Cultures with alfalfa had greater (P < 0.0001) in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), NDF disappearance (NDFD), ADF disappearance (ADFD), cumulative gas production and total VFA than those with grass hay. All levels of sodium caseinate increased gas production (P ≤ 0.05) and decreased pH (P < 0.003) in cultures with grass hay. Sodium caseinate at 1, 2, or 4% additional CP increased IVDMD, NDFD, and ADFD (P < 0.01), while 4% additional CP also increased total VFA (P < 0.01) in cultures with grass hay. For experiment 2, SC, fishmeal, soybean meal (SBM), whey, porcine blood plasma, and L-lysine hydrochloride were added to supply 2% additional CP equivalent to cultures with grass hay. All nitrogen sources decreased pH and increased IVDMD, NDFD and ADFD (P ≤ 0.01), with the largest effects elicited by SC, L-lysine, and whey (P ≤ 0.05). Total VFA (P ≤ 0.04) and gas (P ≤ 0.05) production increased with L-lysine, whey, SC, SBM, and fishmeal. While nitrogen supplementation had minimal effects on cultures containing alfalfa, it altered fermentation and increased digestibility, as measured by IVDMD, NDFD, and ADFD, of grass hay, more notably with more soluble protein sources

Use of Flowcam Technology for Phytoplankton Monitoring in Central Puget Sound

The entire Puget Sound region faces challenges from a growing human population and a changing climate that will likely exacerbate already critical threats to the health of the Sound. Recent efforts to restore and protect Puget Sound highlight a need for essential information concerning biodiversity and the seasonal dynamics of its marine inhabitants. The King County Marine and Sediment Assessment Group manages a long-term marine monitoring program designed to assess water quality in the Central Puget Sound Basin. Since 1995, data are collected monthly for physical, chemical, and biological (chlorophyll a) parameters at various locations and depths throughout the Puget Sound Central Basin. The addition in 2008 of a long-term phytoplankton component to this program was deemed critical in order to predict how changes in climate and other regional stressors will impact the Sound’s trophic structure. With the recent acquisition of a FlowCAM system it will be possible to collect a more extensive and robust dataset for Puget Sound phytoplankton monitoring, as well as respond promptly when analysis of harmful algal bloom samples is needed. Emerging technologies, such as FlowCAM, allow for increased automation and standardization in phytoplankton analysis, thus representing a significant advancement over traditional microscopy methods. FlowCAM is an imaging particle analysis system that combines elements of flow cytometry, microscopy, fluorescence detection and sophisticated image analysis for the identification and classification of aquatic microorganisms. Efficient use of this technology for taxonomical work, however, requires a significant and sometimes lengthy development effort by the user, as the software needs to be “trained” to recognize and classify the particles of interest. We have developed a FlowCAM protocol that is able to identify and count approximately 25 Puget Sound phytoplankton taxa or groupings. Our protocol also yields data that are useful descriptors of assemblage composition, such as particle size distribution, total biovolume and the biovolume of chlorophyll-containing cells. We will present FlowCAM validation data and sample statistics obtained for three long-term stations in the Puget Sound central basin. While a light microscope is still necessary for accurate taxonomic identification, most samples can be adequately characterized using our FlowCAM protocol

Interactive Effects of Drought and Fire on Co-Existing Woody and Herbaceous Communities in a Temperate Mesic Grassland

Increased drought and woody encroachment are likely to have substantial and interactive effects on grassland carbon and water cycling in the future. However, we currently lack necessary information to accurately predict grassland responses to drought-by-fire interactions in areas experiencing woody encroachment. A more thorough understanding of these interactive effects on grass-shrub physiology would improve the effectiveness of demographic vegetation models and refine predictions of future changes in grassland ecosystem function. To this end, we constructed passive rainout shelters over mature Cornus drummondii shrubs and co-existing grasses in two fire treatments (1-year and 4-year burn frequency) at the Konza Prairie Biological Station (north-eastern Kansas, USA) that reduced precipitation by 50%. Plant responses to drought and fire were monitored at the leaf-level (gas exchange, predawn and midday water potential, turgor loss point) and the whole-plant level (aboveground biomass). Here, we report results from the 2020 growing season, after three years of treatment. Photosynthetic rates of C. drummondii and Andropogon gerardii, a dominant C4 grass, were lower in drought treatments at the end of the growing season. A. gerardii also exhibited higher photosynthetic rates in the 4-year burn watershed, but C. drummondii rates were not impacted by burn frequency. Predawn and midday leaf water potential for both species, as well as turgor loss point for C. drummondii, were lower in the 4-year burn treatment, indicating increased water stress. This trend was more pronounced in drought shelters for C. drummondii. These results indicate that three years of 50% precipitation reduction has resulted in modest impacts on water stress and gas exchange in both species. Long-term studies of co-existing grasses and shrubs are useful for informing management of woody encroachment during drought and help to identify whether multiple external pressures (drought and fire) are needed to reverse grassland-to-shrubland transitions in temperate mesic grasslands

Suppression der Experimentellen Autoimmun-Enzephalomyelitis durch Myeloide Suppressorzellen

Autoimmune diseases, unwanted overshooting immune responses against self antigens, are due to an imbalance in immunity and tolerance. Although negatively impacting cancer prognosis, myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC), with their potent suppressive capabilities, might be applicable in a more beneficial light when applied in to autoimmunity. As previous shown MDSC have protective roles in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) (Zhu et al., 2007), the established inducible mouse model for the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS). This decrease in disease severity indicates in vitro generated immature myeloid cells (IMC) from bone marrow (BM) as precursors of MDSC are promising candidates for cellular therapy. Important to any cellular therapy by adoptive transfer, the major questions regarding IMC efficacy was addressed within the thesis. This thesis attempts to elucidate how IMC operate in EAE. This thesis defines the factors within the autoimmune microenvironment that lead to the activation of MDSC, where IMC home once delivered in vivo, and the protective mechanisms BMIMC employ. To emulate BM cells when they first enter circulation through the blood, IMC were injected intravenously (i.v.). IMC are protective with no regard to the various routes delivered (i.v., i.p.). They protect to a lesser extent when pre-activated before injection. IMC suppress by causing a delay and/or by decreasing the severity of the disease via a mechanism yet determined. To understand the migration pattern of IMC after i.v. injection, in vivo kinetics experiments employing bioluminescence imaging were performed. This techinique allows for whole in vivo mouse imaging daily, allowing the tracking of cell migration over days within a single mouse. During steady-state, BMIMC circulate and appear to accumulate in the spleen by day 4 after injection, whereas they alternatively home to inflammatory sites (immunization site), draining lymph nodes, and the spleen within mice with low grade EAE. Visualization of CMDiI-labelled BMIMC by fluorescence microscopy could locate IMC injected cells outside the white pulp, as they were colocalizing in the regions stained with CD169 or outside, but not within the follicles of spleens on day 4. Consistant with these findings, the attempt to analyze the phenotype of these cells by flow cytometry was problematic as these cells seem to adhere strongly to collagen also indicating the cells are located in the collagenous area of the marginal zone and the red pulp.To determine factors influencing MDSC activation, we utilized different stimuli through a high throughput method detecting release of nitric oxide (NO). Extracts from yeast, fungi, and bacteria were observed to activate MDSC to produce nitric oxide. Surprisingly, material mimicking viral DNA (CpG) and RNA (poly I:C), and several self glycolipids, could not activate the MDSC to produce NO. Upon attempts to understand synergistic effects between microbial pathogens and host cytokines, IFNg was determined to boost the signal of pathogen stimuli, whereas IL17, another cytokine which causes pathology during EAE, and IFNb, a drug used in therapy to treat MS, did not cause any additional effects. Activation of MDSC was determined by the microbial pathogens components LPS, curdlan, and zymosan, to induce upregulation of B7H1 on the cell surface. MDSC did not increase any co-stimulatory markers, such as CD40, CD80, CD86, CD70, or the co-inhibitory marker, PDL2. On day 1 after EAE induction, endogenous MDSC populations when stimulated showed an increase in B7H1 expression and a downregulation of CD80. After further analysis, these cells were concluded to be mostly granulocytic cells (Ly6G+). As the B7H1 ligand PD1 is upregulated in chronic diseases and correlates to an exhausted phenotype, the PD1 : B7H1 interaction was a good candidate for the mechanism our cells may employ for their suppressive capacity. To investigate this interaction, fixed BM-IMC deficient in B7H1 were incubated with restimulated memory T cells. IMC deficient in B7H1 resulted in a significant loss of T cell suppression, as compared to the wildtype control BMIMC. To assess this interaction in vivo, we injected wildtype (WT) and B7H1-/- IMC into mice followed by induction of EAE to assess whether B7H1 mediated this suppression. The lack of B7H1 did not alter their suppressive capacity under these conditions, contrary to other findings which have described this interaction to be important in their suppressive capacity when administered post EAE induction (Ioannou et al., 2012). Interestingly, EAE mice pre-treated with IMC had similar amounts of cytokine production in the CNS after restimulation. Spleens from IMC injected mice had increased amounts of Arg-1 suggesting suppression is via oxidation or recruitment by soluble mediators may lead to this protection. We speculate this may inhibit T cell reactivation in the CNS.Autoimmunerkrankungen, unerwünschte, überschießende Immunantworten gegen Selbstantigene, resultieren aus einem Ungleichgewicht von Immunität und Toleranz. Obwohl sie einen negativen Einfluss auf Tumorerkrankungen haben, könnten Myeloide Suppressorzellen (MDSC) durch ihre potenten immunsuppressiven Eigenschaften, in einem besseren Licht bei Anwendung gegen Autoimmunerkrankungen erscheinen. Wie zuvor gezeigt, können MDSC eine protektive Rolle bei der Experimentellen Autoimmunenzephalomyelitis (EAE) entfalten, dem etablierten induzierbaren Mausmodel für die Autoimmunerkrankung Multiple Sklerose (MS). Die Verminderung der Erkrankungssymptome deutet darauf hin, dass in vitro aus Knochenmark generierte unreife myeloide Zellen (IMC) als Vorläufer von MDSC viel versprechende Kandidaten für eine Zelltherapie darstellen. Da für jede Art der Zelltherapie die Effektivität der transferierten Zellen eine entscheidende Rolle spielt, sollte in dieser Arbeit die Funktionalität von IMC untersucht werden. Diese Dissertation erarbeitet wie IMC bei der EAE funktionieren. Die Arbeit versucht die Faktoren innerhalb der AutoimmunMikroumgebung zu definieren, welche zur MDSC Aktivierung führen, wohin applizierte IMC in vivo wandern und welche protektiven Mechanismen IMC anwenden. Um nachzubilden, wie BM Zellen bei ihrem Eintritt in das Blut sich in der Zirkulation verhalten, wurden IMC intravenös injiziert. Die injizierten gemischten IMC verhielten sich protektiv, unabhängig von der Art der Injektion (iv, ip). Sie sind jedoch weniger protektiv, wenn sie voraktiviert injiziert wurden. IMC supprimieren auf eine Weise, dass sie eine Verzögerung und/oder Verminderung der Erkrankungssymptome bewirken, wobei die dafür zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen noch nicht definiert sind. Um die Wanderungsmuster der BMIMC nach iv Injektion zu verstehen, wurden in vivo Kinetikexperimente mittels der Biolumineszenz-Darstellung durchgeführt. Diese Technik erlaubt eine tägliche Betrachtung der gesamten lebenden Maus, so dass die Zell-Wanderungsmuster über Tage in derselben Maus aufgezeichnet werden können. Unter homöostatischen Bedingungen zirkulieren IMC bis sie nach 4 Tagen in der Milz akkumulieren, wogegen sie alternativ zu Entzündungsherden wandern (Immunisierungssstelle), in Lymphknoten und Milz in Mäusen mit milden EAE Symptomen. Deren Lokalisierung konnte durch Fluoreszenzmikroskopie von CMDiI-markierten IMC in der roten Pulpa der Milz an Tag 4 lokalisiert werden. In Übereinstimmung mit diesem Befund, waren durchflusszytometrische Phänotyp-Analysen problematisch, da die Zellen fest an Kollagenfasern gebunden schienen, was als weiterer Hinweis auf ihre Kollagenbindung dienen kann. Um Faktoren zur Aktivierung zu bestimmen, wurden verschiedene MDSC Stimuli benutzt und deren Freisetzung von Stickstoffmonoxid (NO) mittels einer Hochdurchsatzmethode bestimmt. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass Extrakte aus Hefen, Pilzen und Bakterien MDSC aktivieren und zur NO Produktion führen. Überraschenderweise konnten DNS (CpG) oder RNS-Bestandteile (Poly I:C) mit viralen Charakteristika oder verschiedenen Selbst-Glykolipide keine NO Freisetzung hervorrufen. Darüber hinaus konnte für das Zytokin IFNg eine wichtige verstärkende Rolle gezeigt werden, wobei ein anderes bei der EAE-Pathogenese beteiligte beteiligtes Zytokin, IL17, und auch IFNb, eine Substanz zur Therapie der MS, keinerlei Effekte zeigten. Untersuchungen nach MDSC-Aktivierung mit den mikrobiellen Komponenten LPS, Curdlan und Zymosan zeigten eine Hochregulation des B7H1 Moleküls auf der Zelloberfläche. Andere kostimulatorische Marker, wie CD40, CD80, CD86, CD70 oder der inhibitorische Marker PDL2 nahmen nicht zu. Einen Tag nach EAE-Induktion exprimierten auch die endogene MDSC Populationen nach Stimulation eine erhöhte B7H1 und eine erniedrigte CD80 Expression. Nach weiterer Analyse konnten diese Zellen überwiegend als granulozytär (Ly6G+) eingestuft werden. Da der B7H1-Ligand PD1 bei chronischen Erkrankungen hochreguliert wird, und mit einem verbrauchten Phänotyp korreliert, sollte die PD1:B7H1 Interaktion als guter Kandidat für den Suppressionsmechanismus untersucht werden. Fixierte B7H1-defiziente IMC wurden auf ihre Suppressorfunktion auf Gedächtnis-T-Zellen getestet. B7H1-defiziente IMC zeigten eine signifikant niedrigere Suppression, im Vergleich zu Wildtyp IMC. Um diese Interaktion in vivo zu untersuchen, wurden Wildtyp oder B7H1defiziente IMC in Mäuse injiziert und danach EAE induziert um auch hier eine B7H1-vermittelte Suppression nachzuweisen. Die Abwesenheit von B7H1 veränderte jedoch die suppressiven Eigenschaften unter diesen Bedingungen nicht, im Gegensatz zu anderen beschriebenen Befunden bei denen eine wichtige suppresive Rolle bei Injektion nach EAE-Induktion beschrieben wurde. Interessanterweise zeigten Mäuse, welche mit BMIMC vorbehandelt wurden, eine vergleichbare Zytokinfreisetzung im ZNS nach Restimulation. Milzen zeigten nach IMC Injektion auch erhöhte Mengen Arg-1 könnte dies auf eine Suppression durch oxidative Mediatoren hindeuten. Man kann also annehmen, dass so eine Reaktivierung der T Zellen im ZNS verhindert wird

Survey of dinoflagellate cysts in Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island, Canada

Senior thesis written for Oceanography 445[author abstract] The objective of this study was to examine how groups of dormant, spore-like structures produced by dinoflagellates called ‘cysts’ are distributed in the sediments of an estuary known as Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island, Canada. Samples were collected between 22 January and 3 February 2013 aboard the University of Washington R/V Thomas G. Thompson. Barkley Sound was divided into three areas of interest: Effingham Inlet, Imperial Eagle Channel, and Uchucklesit Inlet. The three regions differed greatly in the number of cysts observed, their diversity, and other characteristics. The number of cysts in Effingham Inlet and Imperial Eagle Channel was greater in less restricted areas and lower in confined areas. The total abundance within Uchucklesit Inlet was greatest in the head and least near the entrance; opposite of the other two regions. Cysts of toxic dinoflagellate genera were found at almost every station in varying concentrations. These differences are related to the unique bathymetry and current patterns of each region.University of Washington School of Oceanograph