Family Memory, Religion and Radicalism: The Priestman, Bright and Clark Kinship Circle of Women Friends and Quaker History

In the nineteenth century, women Friends frequently preserved private family papers - spiritual memoranda, letters, diaries, photograph albums, household accounts, visitors books and so on. One such collection holds the personal papers of women in, among others, the Bragg, Priestman, Bright, and Clark families, who lived during this period mainly in the regions of Newcastle, Manchester and Bristol. Such material allows an exploration of the domestic culture shared among these families and, in particul ar, the legacy of family memory preser ved among this collection. A significant part of that legacy, it is argued, was the various representations of womanliness contained within it, especially as such representations might inform the role undertaken by three generations of this circle within women\u27s rights campaigns. Its findings suggest the need to review aspects of the history of the women\u27s movement by exploring more fully the personal and religious bases of early feminism; equally, it argues the value of a different focus for Quaker history in this period, especially in terms of the relationship between the religious beliefs of Friends and radical politics, including sexual politics

Preventing Domestic Abuse for Children and Young People (PEACH): A Mixed Knowledge Scoping Review

Background: A range of interventions that aim to prevent domestic abuse has been developed for children and young people in the general population. While these have been widely implemented, few have been rigorously evaluated. This study aimed to discover what was known about these interventions for children and what worked for whom in which settings. Review methods: This mixed knowledge review was informed by realist principles and comprised four overlapping phases: an online mapping survey to identify current provision; a systematic review of the existing literature; a review of the UK ‘grey’ literature; and consultation with young people and experts. Information from these four sources of evidence informed analysis of costs and benefits. Results: The evidence for interventions achieving changes in knowledge and attitudes was stronger than that for behavioural change. Shifting social norms in the peer group emerged as a key mechanism of change. Media campaigns act to influence the wider social climate within which more targeted interventions are received, and they are also a source for programme materials. While most interventions are delivered in secondary schools, they are increasingly targeted at younger children. The review emphasised the importance of a school’s ‘readiness’ to introduce preventative interventions which need to be supported across all aspects of school life. Involving young people in the design and delivery of programmes increases authenticity and this emerged as a key ingredient in achieving impact. Longer interventions delivered by appropriately trained staff appeared likely to be more effective. Teachers emerged as well placed to embed interventions in schools but they require training and support from those with specialist knowledge in domestic abuse. There was evidence that small groups of students who were at higher risk might have accounted for some results regarding effectiveness and that programme effectiveness may vary for certain subgroups. Increasingly, boys are being identified as a target for change. The study identified a need for interventions for disabled children and children and young people from black, Asian, minority ethnic and refugee groups and a particular lack of materials designed for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender young people. Limitations: Very little evidence was identified on costs and cost-effectiveness. Few studies showed an effect at the level of significance set for the review. Where it did exist, the effect size was small, except in respect of improved knowledge. The inability to calculate a response rate for the mapping survey, which used a snowballing approach, limits the ability to generalise from it. Conclusions: While it is appropriate to continue to deliver interventions to whole populations of children and young people, effectiveness appeared to be influenced by high-risk children and young people, who should be directed to additional support. Programmes also need to make provision to manage any resulting disclosures. Interventions appear to be context specific, and so those already being widely delivered in the UK and which are likely to be acceptable should be robustly tested. Funding: The National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme

Offices and Services: Women\u27s Pursuit of Sexual Equality within the Society of Friends, 1873 - 1907

The presence of Quaker women at the founding of a social movement for women\u27s rights in Britain in the late 1860s has received growing attention from historians in recent years. Yet the links between the religious faith of such Quaker women and their political radicalism has remained largely unexamined. A liberal theology which acknowledged the spiritual equality of women has been assumed to have prompted their involvement in a liberal politics, and more especially in women\u27s rights campaigning. This article argues that the relationship between religious views and political action was more complex in this case. It suggests that the growing participation of Quaker women in moral and social reform movements in this period, together with their increasing access to office in local government and voluntary organisations, served, in fact, to fuel a reevaluation of their position within the Society of Friends. It concludes that indeed the constitutional arrangements of this body became a ground of gender contest as a consequence of women\u27s enlarged role in the outside world

The Relationship Between Learning Disabilities and Juvenile Delinquency: A Link Based on Family and School

This research was published by the KU Center for Research on Learning, formerly known as the University of Kansas Institute for Research in Learning Disabilities.This study investigated the relationship between learning disabilities and juvenile delinquency with regard to the environmental factors of family and school. Subjects were 90 student-inmates from a correctional facility (23 LD, 15 JD, 47 LD/JD, and 5 "normal"). The variables characterizing the LD and JD groups were similar among groups and provided the basis for a LD/JD relationship

Function of BID - a molecule of the bcl-2 family - in ischemic cell death in the brain

Mitochondrial mechanisms, particularly the release of cytochrome c, play a role in the death of nerve and glial cells in cerebral ischemia. We have currently investigated whether BID, a proapoptotic molecule of the bcl-2 family and promoter of the release of cytochrome c is expressed in the brain, activated by cerebral ischemia in vivo, and contributes to ischemic cell death. We found BID in the cytosol of mouse brain and of primary cultured mouse neurons and showed that neuronal BID is a substrate for caspase 8. BID was cleaved in vivo 4 h after transitory occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Further, BID-/- mice had a significant attenuation of infarction (-67%) and significantly lower release of cytochrome c (-41 %). The findings indicate that the proapoptotic molecule BID may contribute to the demise of nerve cells from cerebral ischemia by release of cytochrome c and activation of caspase. Copyright (C) 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel

Method and Apparatus for a Miniature Bioreactor System for Long-Term Cell Culture

A bioreactor and method that permits continuous and simultaneous short, moderate, or long term cell culturing of one or more cell types or tissue in a laminar flow configuration is disclosed, where the bioreactor supports at least two laminar flow zones, which are isolated by laminar flow without the need for physical barriers between the zones. The bioreactors of this invention are ideally suited for studying short, moderate and long term studies of cell cultures and the response of cell cultures to one or more stressors such as pharmaceuticals, hypoxia, pathogens, or any other stressor. The bioreactors of this invention are also ideally suited for short, moderate or long term cell culturing with periodic cell harvesting and/or medium processing for secreted cellular components

ANALYSIS OF CO-OCCURRING PHENOTYPES IN INFANTS WITH DOWN SYNDROME WITH CARDIAC DEFECTS

poster abstractDown syndrome (DS), caused by a trisomy 21, is the most common chromosomal aneuploidy occurring in approximately 1 of 750 live births. Individuals with DS exhibit craniofacial dysmorphology, cardiac defects, gastrointestinal problems, and cognitive impairment, although these phenotypes vary in incidence and severity. Common cardiac defects are usually recognized in young infants with DS and include atrial septal anomalies, ventricular septal abnormalities, atrioventricular canal defects, and patent ductus arteriosus. Additional abnormalities may also affect infants with DS, but not be identified until later in life. Since multiple phenotypes are found in these individuals, we hypothesize that children with a severe congenital heart defect may be at increased risk for additional medical issues. To investigate this hypothesis, we performed a retrospective chart review of 170 infants with DS between birth and 6 months of age who were referred to the Down Syndrome Program at Riley Hospital for Children from August 2005 to July 2010. We analyzed comorbidity in infants with upper airway obstruction (UAO) or a feeding problem with and without a severe congenital heart defect. Our data show that 33% of infants without a cardiac defect have identified UAO while 44% with a severe cardiac defect have identified UAO. Additionally, 59% of infants without a cardiac defect compared to 49% with a severe cardiac defect have a feeding problem. With the knowledge of these comorbid clinical features in DS, healthcare providers may be able to identify potential complications affecting infants with DS earlier in life

Clinical identification of feeding and swallowing disorders in 0-6 month old infants with Down syndrome

Feeding and swallowing disorders have been described in children with a variety of neurodevelopmental disabilities, including Down syndrome (DS). Abnormal feeding and swallowing can be associated with serious sequelae such as failure to thrive and respiratory complications, including aspiration pneumonia. Incidence of dysphagia in young infants with DS has not previously been reported. To assess the identification and incidence of feeding and swallowing problems in young infants with DS, a retrospective chart review of 174 infants, ages 0-6 months was conducted at a single specialty clinic. Fifty-seven percent (100/174) of infants had clinical concerns for feeding and swallowing disorders that warranted referral for Videofluroscopic Swallow Study (VFSS); 96/174 (55%) had some degree of oral and/or pharyngeal phase dysphagia and 69/174 (39%) had dysphagia severe enough to warrant recommendation for alteration of breast milk/formula consistency or nonoral feeds. Infants with certain comorbidities had significant risk for significant dysphagia, including those with functional airway/respiratory abnormalities (OR = 7.2). Infants with desaturation with feeds were at dramatically increased risk (OR = 15.8). All young infants with DS should be screened clinically for feeding and swallowing concerns. If concerns are identified, consideration should be given to further evaluation with VFSS for identification of dysphagia and additional feeding modifications

A Role for Proapoptotic BID in the DNA-Damage Response

SummaryThe BCL-2 family of apoptotic proteins encompasses key regulators proximal to irreversible cell damage. The BH3-only members of this family act as sentinels, interconnecting specific death signals to the core apoptotic pathway. Our previous data demonstrated a role for BH3-only BID in maintaining myeloid homeostasis and suppressing leukemogenesis. In the absence of Bid, mice accumulate chromosomal aberrations and develop a fatal myeloproliferative disorder resembling chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Here, we describe a role for BID in preserving genomic integrity that places BID at an early point in the path to determine the fate of a cell. We show that BID plays an unexpected role in the intra-S phase checkpoint downstream of DNA damage distinct from its proapoptotic function. We further demonstrate that this role is mediated through BID phosphorylation by the DNA-damage kinase ATM. These results establish a link between proapoptotic Bid and the DNA-damage response

An analytical method for total heavy metal complexing agents in water and its application to water quality studies

The principle research accomplishment on this project was the development of several methods of analysis for low levels of complexing agents, particularly chelating agents. These species are very important in water quality. It is only very recently that their importance has become very apparent in areas such as heavy metal transport, algal growth, and toxicity of heavy metals. The first method developed, was an atomic absorption analysis of strong heavy metal chelating agents. This method is based upon the fact that when copper ion is added to a water sample and the pH adjusted to 10, the only copper that remains in solution is that which is in a complexed or chelated form. The precipitate which comes out of the solution at pH 10 contains the copper which is not complexed or chelated and is removed by filtration. The copper remaining in solution is measured by atomic absorption. This copper concentration is a measure of the amount of chelating agent in the water and is called the copper equivalent chelating capacity of the water. The method was used on a number of natural water samples. It was found, for example, that normal creek water contains about one milligram per liter copper equivalent chelating capacity. Water supporting algal growth typically contains about the same level. Raw sewage from a nonindustrial source typically contains around 3 milligrams per liter copper equivalent chelating capacity, whereas properly treated sewage effluent contains 1 milligram per liter or less. The method was extended to the analysis of cyanide ion, a water pollutant found in mining and metal processing effluents. It is applicable to cyanide and provides a simple and convenient method for the analysis of this pollutant. In the final few weeks of the project, a new method was developed in which the copper is solublized from a copper-containing chelating ion exchange resin. This method is much more rapid than the first method described, though somewhat more subject to interferences. It is applicable to automated procedures and as a detection system for chelating agents separated by liquid chromatography. It is extremely sensitive and can detect as little as 5x10^-7 millimoles of NTA. These applications of the method are being pursued under a USDI-OWRR matching grant starting on July 1, 1973.Project # A-056-MO Agreement # 14-31-0001-382