Circulating PCSK9 levels and CETP plasma activity are independently associated in patients with metabolic diseases

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Correlations between CETP activity and CETP mass (A) and between PCSK9 and CETP mass (B) in patients with T2DM (n=30). CETP mass was measured in human serum using a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (American Diagnostica Gmbh). Spearman coefficients and P values are shown

Zeb1, un gen implicat en la repressió transcripcional de l'E-Cadherina durant la transició epiteli-mesènquima. Caracterització del mecanisme de regulació de la seva expressió

Durant la transició Epiteli-Mesènquima (TEM), el factor de transcripció Snail reprimeix la transcripció de l'E-cadherina unint-se a les caixes E presents en el promotor d'aquest gen.Les cèl·lules que expressen Snail presenten un fenotip fibroblastoide amb pocs contactes cel·lulars: els gens epitelials són reprimits (E-cadherina, MUC1 i VDR) i els gens mesenquimals són induïts (Zeb1).La sobre-expressió de Snail en varies línies cel·lulars donarà lloc a un augment en els nivells de RNA i de l'activitat del promotor de Zeb1. A més, Zeb1 reprimeix l'E-cadherina i MUC1.Estàvem interessats en el mecanisme de repressió i inducció de gens per Snail. Snail necessita de HDAC per a realitzar el seu mecanisme de repressió. A més, es va estudiar el mecanisme de inducció del promotor de Zeb1. El promotor de Zeb1 era activat en línies cel·lulars que responien a estímuls de TEM, com la sobre-expressió de ILK, de l' oncogen Ha-Ras o de la cPK-Ca. Finalment es va descriure que el promotor de Zeb1 responia a NF-kB, b-catenina/TCF4 i Twist.During Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), the transcriptional factor Snail represses E-cadherin transcription by binding to E-box sequence of the E-cadherin promoter. Cells expressing Snail presented a scattered flattened phenotype with low intercellular contacts: epithelial gene are repressed (E-cadherin, VDR and Muc-1) and mesenchymal genes are induced (Zeb1). Snail overexpression in several lines raised ZEB1 RNA levels and increased the activity of ZEB1 promoter. ZEB1 repressed E-cadherin and MUC1.We were interested in Snail repression and induction mechanism. We analysed whether Snail needs other proteins for its repression function and we found HDAC such as partners in Snail repression. In addition, we are studying its activation activity upon Zeb1 promoter. The human Zeb1 promoter was activated in cell lines that respond to agents that induce mesenchymal phenotype, as overexpression of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) or oncogenes such as Ha-ras or cPK-Ca. Moreover, Zeb1 promoter was activated by different proteins implicated in EMT, such as, NF-kB, b-catenin/TCF4 and Twist

The stress-activated protein kinases p38α/β and JNK1/2 cooperate with Chk1 to inhibit mitotic entry upon DNA replication arrest

Accurate DNA replication is crucial for the maintenance of genome integrity. To this aim, cells have evolved complex surveillance mechanisms to prevent mitotic entry in the presence of partially replicated DNA. ATR and Chk1 are key elements in the signal transduction pathways of DNA replication checkpoint; however, other kinases also make significant contributions. We show here that the stress kinases p38 and JNK are activated when DNA replication is blocked, and that their activity allows S/M, but not G₂/M, checkpoint maintenance when Chk1 is inhibited. Activation of both kinases by DNA replication inhibition is not mediated by the caffeine-sensitive kinases ATR or ATM. Phosphorylation of MKK3/6 and MKK4, p38 and JNK upstream kinases was also observed upon DNA replication inhibition. Using a genetic approach, we dissected the p38 pathway and showed that both p38α and p38β isoforms collaborate to inhibit mitotic entry. We further defined MKK3/6 and MK2/3 as the key upstream and downstream elements in the p38 signaling cascade after replication arrest. Accordingly, we found that the stress signaling pathways collaborate with Chk1 to keep cyclin B1/Cdk1 complexes inactive when DNA replication is inhibited, there by preventing cell cycle progression when DNA replication is stalled. Our results show a complex response to replication stress, where multiple pathways are activated and fulfill overlapping roles to prevent mitotic entry with unreplicated DNA

In Vitro Biocompatibility of Surface-Modified Porous Alumina Particles for HepG2 Tumor Cells: Toward Early Diagnosis and Targeted Treatment

Porous alumina photoluminescence-inherent particles are produced and proposed for the development of biomarkers detectors and localized treatment of HepG2 cells. Nanoporous alumina particles (NPAPs) are amorphous, consist of hexagonally ordered nanometric pores in an alumina matrix, have high chemical stability in physiological pH, and exhibit a high inherent photoluminescence in the visible spectrum independently of their size, selectable from nanometers to tens of micrometers. The surface of NPAPs is chemically modified using two different functionalization methods, a multistep method with (3-aminopropyl)­triethoxysilane (APTES) and glutaraldehyde (GLTA) and a novel simplified-step method with silane-PEG-NHS. Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the proper surface modification of the particles for both functionalization methods. HepG2 cells were cultured during different times with growing concentrations of particles. The analysis of cytotoxicity and cell viability of HepG2 cells confirmed the good biocompatibility of NPAPs in all culture conditions. The results prove the suitability of NPAPs for developing new label-free biomarker detectors and advantageous carriers for localized drug delivery

The stress-activated protein kinases p38alpha/beta and JNK1/2 cooperate with Chk1 to inhibit mitotic entry upon DNA replication arrest

Accurate DNA replication is crucial for the maintenance of genome integrity. To this aim, cells have evolved complex surveillance mechanisms to prevent mitotic entry in the presence of partially replicated DNA. ATR and Chk1 are key elements in the signal transduction pathways of DNA replication checkpoint; however, other kinases also make significant contributions. We show here that the stress kinases p38 and JNK are activated when DNA replication is blocked, and that their activity allows S/M, but not G 2/M, checkpoint maintenance when Chk1 is inhibited. Activation of both kinases by DNA replication inhibition is not mediated by the caffeine-sensitive kinases ATR or ATM. Phosphorylation of MKK3/6 and MKK4, p38 and JNK upstream kinases was also observed upon DNA replication inhibition. Using a genetic approach, we dissected the p38 pathway and showed that both p38alpha and p38beta isoforms collaborate to inhibit mitotic entry. We further defined MKK3/6 and MK2/3 as the key upstream and downstream elements in the p38 signaling cascade after replication arrest. Accordingly, we found that the stress signaling pathways collaborate with Chk1 to keep cyclin B1/Cdk1 complexes inactive when DNA replication is inhibited, thereby preventing cell cycle progression when DNA replication is stalled. Our results show a complex response to replication stress, where multiple pathways are activated and fulfill overlapping roles to prevent mitotic entry with unreplicated DNA

The Circulating GRP78/BiP Is a Marker of Metabolic Diseases and Atherosclerosis: Bringing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress into the Clinical Scenario

Background: Glucose-regulated protein 78/Binding immunoglobulin protein (GRP78/BiP) is a protein associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress and is upregulated by metabolic alterations at the tissue-level, such as hypoxia or glucose deprivation, and it is hyper-expressed in fat tissue of obese individuals. Objective: To investigate the role of the GRP78/BiP level as a metabolic and vascular disease biomarker in patients with type 2 diabetes (DM), obesity and metabolic syndrome (MS). Methods: Four hundred and five patients were recruited, of whom 52.5% were obese, 72.8% had DM, and 78.6% had MS. The intimae media thickness (cIMT) was assessed by ultrasonography. The plasma GRP78/BiP concentration was determined, and its association with metabolic and vascular parameters was assessed. Circulating GRP78/BiP was also prospectively measured in 30 DM patients before and after fenofibrate/niacin treatment and 30 healthy controls. Results: In the cross-sectional study, the GRP78/BiP level was significantly higher in the patients with obesity, DM, and MS. Age-, gender- and BMI-adjusted GRP78/BiP was directly associated with LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, apoB, and cIMT. GRP78/BiP was positively associated to carotid plaque presence in the adjusted model, irrespective of obesity, DM and MS. In the prospective study, nicotinic acid treatment produced a significant reduction in the GRP78/BiP levels that was not observed with fenofibrate. Conclusions: GRP78/BiP plasma concentrations are increased in patients with both metabolic derangements and subclinical atherosclerosis. GRP78/BiP could be a useful marker of metabolic and cardiovascular risk

MCF-7 Drug Resistant Cell Lines Switch Their Lipid Metabolism to Triple Negative Breast Cancer Signature

Obesity and adipose tissue have been closely related to a poor cancer prognosis, especially in prostate and breast cancer patients. The ability of transferring lipids from the adipose tissue to the tumor cells is actively linked to tumor progression. However, different types of breast tumor seem to use these lipids in different ways and metabolize them in different pathways. In this study we have tracked by mass spectrometry how palmitic acid from the adipocytes is released to media being later incorporated in different breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, SKBR3, BT474, MCF-7 and its resistant MCF-7 EPIR and MCF-7 TAXR). We have observed that different lines metabolize the palmitic acid in a different way and use their carbons in the synthesis of different new lipid families. Furthermore, we have observed that the lipid synthesis pattern varied according to the cell line. Surprisingly, the metabolic pattern of the resistant cells was more related to the TNBC cell line compared to their sensitive cell line MCF-7. These results allow us to determine a specific lipid pattern in different cell lines that later might be used in breast cancer diagnosis and to find a better treatment according to the cancer molecular type

Altered Serum Metabolic Profile Assessed by Advanced 1H-NMR in Breast Cancer Patients

Background: Altered lipid metabolism has been described in some types of cancer. To analyse in depth the metabolic modifications in breast cancer patients, advanced 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance was performed in these patients. The main objective of this paper was to define a specific lipidomic signature for these cancer patients. Materials and methods: Serum from 240 women (171 breast cancer patients and 69 control women) were studied and analysed by nuclear magnetic resonance. Results: Triglyceride-enriched particles, specifically very low-density lipoprotein triglycerides, intermediate-density lipoprotein triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein triglycerides, were positively associated with breast cancer. Moreover, alanine, tyrosine, and branched amino acids were also associated with increased risk of breast cancer. Conclusions: Breast cancer patients showed a modified metabolome, giving a very interesting tool to draw different radar charts between control women and breast cancer patients. To our knowledge, this is the first time that advanced nuclear magnetic resonance profiling has been used to identify relevant and specifically altered lipid or amino acid metabolites in BC serum samples. The altered metabolic signature could be analysed for early and reliable BC patient diagnosis and prognosis