The efficiency of multi-target drugs: the network approach might help drug design

Despite considerable progress in genome- and proteome-based high-throughput screening methods and rational drug design, the number of successful single target drugs did not increase appreciably during the past decade. Network models suggest that partial inhibition of a surprisingly small number of targets can be more efficient than the complete inhibition of a single target. This and the success stories of multi-target drugs and combinatorial therapies led us to suggest that systematic drug design strategies should be directed against multiple targets. We propose that the final effect of partial, but multiple drug actions might often surpass that of complete drug action at a single target. The future success of this novel drug design paradigm will depend not only on a new generation of computer models to identify the correct multiple hits and their multi-fitting, low-affinity drug candidates but also on more efficient in vivo testing.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, 1 box, 38 reference

Survival analysis of culling reasons and economic examination of production period in sow culling

The culling of the sows is an important task of the breeders and farmers, besides it is a determining factor of profitable pork production. During our research we have surveyed the data of 1969 sows in a Hungarian large-scale pig farm. For the calculation of our results we used one of the non-parametric forms of survival analysis, the Kaplan-Meier analysis. For the quantification of death intensity we applied another survival analysis model, the log-rate exponential model. We have found out the risk values of various culling reasons form the point of view of culling. Besides, we tried to quantify by an economic model how the production period of sows influences the average costs of piglets and the average costs of piglets per kilo at 2006 prices. We calculated that the 5th farrowing is the minimum cost place.Sow culling, Risk analysis, Sow productivity, Average costs of piglets, Livestock Production/Industries,

Statistical Power Law due to Reservoir Fluctuations and the Universal Thermostat Independence Principle

Certain fluctuations in particle number at fixed total energy lead exactly to a cut-power law distribution in the one-particle energy, via the induced fluctuations in the phase-space volume ratio. The temperature parameter is expressed automatically by an equipartition relation, while the q-parameter is related to the scaled variance and to the expectation value of the particle number. For the binomial distribution q is smaller, for the negative binomial q is larger than one. These results also represent an approximation for general particle number distributions in the reservoir up to second order in the canonical expansion. For general systems the average phase-space volume ratio expanded to second order delivers a q parameter related to the heat capacity and to the variance of the temperature. However, q differing from one leads to non-additivity of the Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy. We demonstrate that a deformed entropy, K(S), can be constructed and used for demanding additivity. This requirement leads to a second order differential equation for K(S). Finally, the generalized q-entropy formula contains the Tsallis, Renyi and Boltzmann-Gibbs-Shannon expressions as particular cases. For diverging temperature variance we obtain a novel entropy formula.Comment: Talk given by T.S.Biro at Sigma Phi 2014, Rhodos, Greec

Functional compounds of einkorn and emmer genotypes

Three einkorn and two emmer genotypes were analysed for concentration of microelements (Fe, Zn and Se) and lipid soluble antioxidants (α-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol and β-carotene). A diversity was observed in micronutrient content, but most of the genotypes have significantly higher trace element and antioxidant contents than the control wheat variety. The emmer genotypes contain lower Fe and β-carotene concentration than einkorn genotypes. The einkorn genotypes have significant higher antioxidant content than the wheat control. On average einkorn has more than three times more β-carotene than the wheat variety. Our results are useful for species/variety choice in functional food production not only for organic but also for conventional farmers, who have/want to operate under low input conditions, especially in Central Europe

Comparing End-to-End Machine Learning Methods for Spectra Classification

In scientific research, spectroscopy and diffraction experimental techniques are widely used and produce huge amounts of spectral data. Learning patterns from spectra is critical during these experiments. This provides immediate feedback on the actual status of the experiment (e.g., time-resolved status of the sample), which helps guide the experiment. The two major spectral changes what we aim to capture are either the change in intensity distribution (e.g., drop or appearance) of peaks at certain locations, or the shift of those on the spectrum. This study aims to develop deep learning (DL) classification frameworks for one-dimensional (1D) spectral time series. In this work, we deal with the spectra classification problem from two different perspectives, one is a general two-dimensional (2D) space segmentation problem, and the other is a common 1D time series classification problem. We focused on the two proposed classification models under these two settings, the namely the end-to-end binned Fully Connected Neural Network (FCNN) with the automatically capturing weighting factors model and the convolutional SCT attention model. Under the setting of 1D time series classification, several other end-to-end structures based on FCNN, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), ResNets, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Transformer were explored. Finally, we evaluated and compared the performance of these classification models based on the High Energy Density (HED) spectra dataset from multiple perspectives, and further performed the feature importance analysis to explore their interpretability. The results show that all the applied models can achieve 100% classification confidence, but the models applied under the 1D time series classification setting are superior. Among them, Transformer-based methods consume the least training time (0.449 s). Our proposed convolutional Spatial-Channel-Temporal (SCT) attention model uses 1.269 s, but its self-attention mechanism performed across spatial, channel, and temporal dimensions can suppress indistinguishable features better than others, and selectively focus on obvious features with high separability.Peer Reviewe

Surface plasmon assisted electron pair formation in strong electromagnetic field

The basis of low-temperature superconductivity has been set to be the pair formation of electrons, due to their effective attraction. The appearance of an effective attraction potential has also been predicted for electron-electron scattering in the presence of a strong, inhomogeneous radiation field. In the present work the strong electromagnetic fields were created by femtosecond Ti:Sa lasers, used to excite surface plasmons in gold films at room temperature, in the Kretschmann geometry. Experimental investigations were carried out using a surface plasmon near-field scanning tunneling microscope, by measuring its response to the excitation at hot spots on the gold surface. Furthermore, the spectra of photoelectrons, liberated by multi-plasmon absorption, have also been measured by a time-of-flight spectrometer. In both cases new type of anomalies in the electon signal have been measured in the same intensity range, whose existence may be qualitatively understood, by using the intensity-dependent expression for the effective electon-electron scattering potential, derived earlier in a different context.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figure

Untersuchungen zum Einfluss der Holzfeuchte auf ausgewählte Eigenschaften von Spanplatten und MDF

Zusammenfassung: An industriell gefertigten Spanplatten und MDF wurde der Einfluss der Holzfeuchte auf den E-Modul bei Biegebelastung, die Biegefestigkeit sowie die Schubmoduln Gzx und Gzy ermittelt. Die Gleichgewichtsfeuchte und die differentielle Dickenquellung waren bei MDF niedriger als bei Spanplatten, was sich mit den Erkenntnissen bisheriger Arbeiten deckt. Ebenso sinken die Zugfestigkeit, der E-Modul, der Schubmodul und die Biegefestigkeit bei Erhöhung der Holzfeuchte. Die Poissonsche Konstante μ12 sinkt mit zunehmender Holzfeucht