Buffer overflow attacks & countermeasures

Often security website’ headlines read: "Buffer overflow in vendor’s product allows intruders to take over computer!” What can software engineering education do about this situation? In this document we have tried to point out how dangerous buffer overflow attacks can be and the amount of damage they are capable of incurring. We have shown several vulnerable applications both past as well as recent. The objective of this study is to take one inside the buffer overflow attack and bridge the gap between the “descriptive account” and the “technically intensive account”. The intent is to provide a logical, detailed, and technical explanation of the buffer overflow problem and the exploit that can be well understood by all. We have successfully coded several exploits and developed programs to demonstrate the effectiveness of such attacks

Effect of methonolic extract of Vitex negundo on haloperidol induced catalepsy in albino mice

Background: Plants are being used in traditional medicine since history of mankind. The knowledge of these medicinal plants has accrued in the course of many centuries leading to medicinal systems in India such as Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha. Objective: In the present study, we evaluated the anticataleptic efficacy of Vitex negundo, a polyherbal formulation in haloperidol induced catalepsy in mice.Methods: Five groups (n=6) of male albino mice were used in the study. Catalepsy was induced by i.p. administration of haloperidol (1 mg/kg). The degree of catalepsy (cataleptic score) was measured as the time the animal maintained an imposed posture. We compared the anticataleptic efficacy of Vitex negundo (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) with standard received Pheniramine maleate 10 mg/kg, i.p.Results: In vehicle treated animals, haloperidol (1 mg/kg. i.p.) produced the maximum catalepsy at 180 min (46.78±3.78 min). Standard treated as Pheniramine maleate 10 mg/kg, i.p. shows maximum at 120 min. 19.24±1.32. Test herb, i.p. Methanolic extract of Vitex negundo (50, 100, 200 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly potentiated haloperidol induced catalepsy at each time interval, in a dose dependent manner. At dose 50, 100 and 200mg/kg, extract of Vitex negundo (Linn.) roots showed maximum cataleptic score 12.34±0.78, 14.43±0.43 and 15.43±0.67 min, respectively at 120 minutes in haloperidol treated animals.Conclusions: The present study indicates that the methanolic extract of Vitex negundo reduces haloperidol-induced catalepsy in mice

Antibakterijski učinak ekstrakta lista biljke Plectranthus amboinicus Benth u uzorcima voća, povrća i pilećeg mesa

The ability of acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of the leaves of a traditional Indian medicinal plant, Indian borage (Plectranthus amboinicus Benth) to prevent spoilage of artificially inoculated model food systems (cabbage and papaya) and natural microflora of chicken meat was evaluated. These extracts were able to reduce the bacterial counts in all food systems; however, the effective concentration varied with the complexity of the system (in descending order: cabbage, papaya and chicken). A probable mode of action of extracts was investigated by analyzing the changes they cause in bacterial cell wall and leakage of nucleic acid from bacterial cells. Both acetone and ethyl acetate extracts at their respective minimum inhibitory concentrations resulted in leakage of cell constituents to an extent of 40 to 80 and 60 to 95 %, respectively, compared to the control, and finally leading to disintegration of cell walls. These findings indicate the potential use of ethyl acetate and acetone extracts of Indian borage leaves in food preservation.U radu je ispitan učinak ekstrakata lišća drevne indijske ljekovite biljke Plectranthus amboinicus Benth, izoliranih pomoću acetona i etilnog acetata, na sprečavanje rasta bakterija uzročnika kvarenja inokuliranih u uzorke svježeg kupusa i papaje, te na prirodnu mikrofloru pilećeg mesa. Dobiveni su ekstrakti uspješno smanjili broj bakterija u svim uzorcima hrane, no njihova je učinkovitost ovisila o složenosti sastava uzorka, pa je najveća bila u kupusu, zatim u papaji, a najmanja u mesu. Ispitan je utjecaj ekstrakata na razgradnju stanične stijenke bakterija i otpuštanje nukleinskih kiselina u međustanični prostor. Ekstrakt lišća dobiven pomoću acetona je pri minimalnoj inhibicijskoj koncentraciji uzrokovao otpuštanje 40 do 80 % staničnog sadržaja, a ekstrakt dobiven pomoću etilnog acetata 60 do 95 % staničnog sadržaja bakterija u usporedbi s kontrolnim uzorkom, što je naposljetku uzrokovalo potpunu razgradnju stanične stijenke. Rezultati pokazuju da se ekstrakti lišća indijske biljke Plectranthus amboinicus Benth, dobiveni pomoću etilnog acetata ili acetona, mogu upotrijebiti za konzerviranje hrane

Protocol optimizations for the CRL distributed shared memory system

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1996.Includes bibliographical references (p. 173-175).by Sandeep K. Gupta.M.S

Unraveling the Emission Mechanism of the HBL Source Mrk 180 with Multi-Wavelength Data

Markarian (Mrk) 180 is a High frequency-peaked BL Lacertae object or HBL object, located at a redshift of 0.045 and a potential candidate for high-energy cosmic ray acceleration. In this work, we have done a temporal and spectral study using Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT) $\gamma$-ray data, collected over 12.8 years. In the case of the temporal study, the 12.8 years long, 30-day binned, Fermi-LAT $\gamma$-ray light curve does not show any significant enhancement of the flux. To understand the underlying physical mechanism, we focused our study on multi-wavelength spectral analysis. We constructed multi-wavelength spectral energy distribution (MWSED) using Swift X-ray, ultraviolet & optical, and X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission (XMM-Newton) data, which have been analysed thoroughly. The SED has been modelled with three different models: (i) pure leptonic scenario and lepto-hadronic scenario where we considered two types of lepto-hadronic interactions (ii) line-of-sight interactions of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECR; $E\gtrsim 10^{17}$ eV) with the cosmic background radiation and (iii) interaction between relativistic protons with the cold proton within the blazar jet. In this literature, we have done a detailed comparative study between all these three models. In an earlier study, Mrk 180 was associated with the Telescope Array (TA) hotspot of UHECRs at $E>57$ EeV which motivates us to check whether Mrk 180 can be a source of UHECRs, contributing to the TA hotspot. From our study, we find, for conservative strengths of the extragalactic magnetic field, Mrk 180 is unlikely to be a source of UHECR events.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, 1 table. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2212.0733

EMAT Based Ultrasonic System for Determination of Thickness Variation in Metallic Samples

Thickness measurement is an important primary measurement parameter. It itself and from the various derived para-meters, provides valuable information in testing and process industries. Although numerous techniques are avail-able for thickness measurement which provide very good results for transparent material and when both sides are accessible, but these methods have limitations in case of opaque material and when only one side is accessible. A new EMAT based non contact technique is reported in this paper which is capable of measuring thickness variation even in opaque material and if only one side is accessible. Using EMAT it was possible to measure the thickness of a material in the order of a few nanometers. This was achi-evable by the facility developed at NPL, India to measure ultrasonic Time of Flight (TOF) to an accuracy of nano-seconds with deviation of 300 picoseconds. An experiment was done using EMAT to measure the variation in thickness due to stamped notch in an aluminium block having thick-ness of 25mm. EMAT system was able to measure considerable variation in the thickness due to notch. An experiment was also done on circular metallic pipe to determine the variation in inner diameter by measuring wall thickness. Excellent result was obtained with greater precision. This better precision is achieved because of Beam Width to Reflector ratio being close to unity. In case of flat plates this ratio is much greater than unity. To reduce this ratio to unity even in case of flat plates several samples were used in conjunction with EMAT and experiments were again performed on the above mentioned aluminium block to determine the variation in thickness due to notch

Assessment of various cognitive domains in patient with obsessive-compulsive disorder

Background: OCD is often chronic disorder and causes impairment of functional efficiency. Various researchers have found that cognitive dysfunction frequently present even when mild symptoms are present. This study aimed to investigate various domains of cognitive function in patients with OCD using cross sectional design. In this study we have tried to find out the various domains of cognitive function in OCD and their relation with clinical severities. We also compared the cognitive function of patients with OCD and their control. Methods: Total 60 subjects (30 in case group and 30 in control group) were taken for study. The study subjects (OCD group) were taken from psychiatric OPD and control group from general populations. The subjects of both the groups were screened as per inclusion and exclusion criteria and the Y-BOCS, ACE –III scales were applied. Results: In the case group, 96.70% had a normal ACE-III score and 3.30% had an inconclusive score, while in the control group 100% had a normal score at ACE-III scale, on further scoring. 60% patients have moderate and 33.3% have severe score in the YBOCS scale. We have found the significant decline in total mean ACE-III scores between case and control group (p value 0.000) and decline in memory domain with severity of illness was also significant (p value 0.037). Conclusions: Decline in cognition domain of memory in patient with OCD, was significant in comparison to control group