Características del gobierno corporativo en el sector público de acueducto y alcantarillado y su relación con los resultados: Caso Aguas de Manizales 2013 – 2018

Empirical evidence on how good practices, recommended by multilateral organizations, on Corporate Governance influence state-owned enterprises (SOEs) is scarce. For its part, the OECD concluded that the Colombian state-owned sector at the central level faces several challenges. However, OECD did not deepen the analysis of the companies at the subnational level, where the public utilities are located. Therefore, we take as a case study, the Aguas de Manizales water utility whose capital is 99.9% public. Aguas de Manizales is recognized for obtaining good financial results and good service results. This case study was done in order to determine which of the characteristics of Corporate Governance were present and if those characteristics are related to the positive results. After using the methodological triangulation, we found that the decision taken by the municipality of Manizales to adopt the mixed-ownership corporation’s legal framework for Aguas de Manizales. Together with the establishment and guidance of predominantly business objectives. These are the two most relevant Corporate Governance characteristics that are directly related to the good financial results and good service results reported by Aguas de Manizales. Likewise, we also found challenges in the characteristics of Corporate Governance. The most important, to separate the influence of the local administration (ownership) from the company (control).La evidencia empírica en cómo influyen las buenas prácticas recomendadas por los organismos multilaterales sobre Gobierno Corporativo en las empresas de propiedad estatal (SOEs) es escasa. Por su parte, la OCDE concluyó que el sector empresarial estatal del nivel central colombiano tiene por delante varios desafíos. No obstante, no profundizó en el análisis de las empresas del nivel subnacional, en donde se encuentran las empresas de servicios públicos domiciliarios (SPD). Por lo tanto, tomamos como estudio de caso la empresa Aguas de Manizales cuyo capital es 99,9% público, y se ha destacado por obtener buenos resultados financieros y de servicio. Esto con el fin de determinar cuáles son las características de Gobierno Corporativo presentes y si estas tienen alguna relación con sus resultados. Luego de utilizar la triangulación metodológica, encontramos que la decisión tomada por el municipio de Manizales de adoptar el marco legal de las empresas mixtas de SPD para Aguas de Manizales. Junto con el establecimiento y dirección de objetivos predominantemente empresariales. Son las dos características de Gobierno Corporativo más relevantes que inciden en sus buenos resultados. Igualmente, encontramos desafíos en las características de Gobierno Corporativo. La más importante, separar la influencia de la administración local (propiedad) en la empresa (control).Línea de Investigación: Gestión PúblicaMaestrí

" Plan de negocios para una empresa de servicios de edición fotográfica por internet en Bogotá "

El rápido avance de la tecnología y la versatilidad de las empresas actuales, ha conllevado a buscar nuevas maneras de llegar al cliente final. Este documento muestra la investigación de los gustos de los usuarios al ingresar a Internet, los recursos requeridos para el montaje de una empresa de servicios de edición fotográfica en Internet y finalmente plantea la posibilidad de obtener algunos ingresos adicionales con una idea completamente novedosa e innovadora. El Plan de Negocios para una empresa de servicios de edición fotográfica por Internet en Bogotá, contempla la investigación del mercado de cibernautas en la ciudad, de los competidores actuales, la situación actual del mercado de servicios de entretenimiento en Internet, las estrategias de mercadeo para obtener la atención de los usuarios, la descripción de la página Web, los recursos requeridos para la puesta en marcha de la empresa y el análisis de rentabilidad para determinar la viabilidad del servicio.The fast advance of the technology and the versatility of the present companies, have entailed to look for new ways to arrive at the final client. This document shows the investigation of the tastes of the users when entering Internet, the resources required for the assembly of a company of services of photographic edition in Internet and finally raise the possibility of obtaining some additional income with a novel and completely innovating idea. The Plan of Businesses for a company of services of photographic edition by Internet in Bogotá, contemplates the investigation of the market of cybernauts in the city, of the present competitors, the present situation of the market of services of entertainment in Internet, the strategies of trade to obtain the attention of the users, the description of the page Web, the resources required for the beginning of the company and the analysis of yield to determine the viability of the service

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Saberes, Culturas y Derechos Sexuales en Colombia

Este libro reúne artículos de gran pertinencia académica en el tema, ponencias y discusiones que realizaron distintos grupos de trabajo en el marco del seminario Hacia una Agenda sobre Sexualidad y Derechos Humanos en Colombia, realizado en Bogotá durante los días 18, 19 y 20 de marzo de 2004. Este texto acerca a un público más amplio el debate que vienen desarrollando en Colombia investigadores, militantes, responsables y ejecutores de políticas públicas en materia de sexualidad y de derechos sexuales y reproductivos. La divulgación de los trabajos presentados en este libro permitirá a los lectores identificar las líneas de debate que orientan la investigación, las políticas públicas, los programas de intervención social y el derecho en este ámbito. El texto presenta hallazgos en torno a estos temas, con el objetivo de construir un referente común sobre la sexualidad como una construcción sociocultural e histórica objeto de una regulación pública. Igualmente, pretende inscribir la sexualidad en el ámbito de la construcción de ciudadanía y de la reivindicación de los derechos humanos

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality