Tradition and change across generations of Japanese American women

This was a generational study on Japanese American women that evaluated Hill's propositions regarding discontinuity in values and acceleration of achievement in occupational level across generations. The domains examined were 1) elder care, 2) family structure, and 3) employment & occupation. It was hypothesized that there will be differences between the second and third generations, that there will be a trend towards greater discontinuity in traditional Japanese values and rules across Japanese American generations in elder care, family structure, and employment. Further, it was hypothesized that there will be an advancement in occupational level across these generations. A survey instrument incorporating both close and open-ended questions was used to explore these research statements and hypotheses. Participants for this study included 168 Japanese American women in Northwestern region, mainly Oregon (89 second generation and 79 third generation). Quantitative methodologies were employed to analyze the data obtained from self-administered questionnaires. Results revealed a mixed support to Hill's intergenerational propositions. For example, second generation women lean towards non-traditional attitudes with regard to elder care but were more traditional with regard to women's employment, particularly for mothers of small children. This could reflect a complicated process in which second generation women draw on the traditional value of sacrificial motherhood and extend it throughout the lifecourse by adjusting it through their own caregiving experiences to their elderly parents: an example of how an unique synthesis emerges out of the conflicting old and new ideas. Such finding gives an important indication that generational change is not of linear characteristics as Hill suggests but of non-linear one

Performance of fluorescence-based methods in evaluating dentin caries removal

Introdução: Critérios clínicos vêm sendo utilizados para determinação da presença de tecido cariado remanescente, mas geram dúvidas, tornando-se relevante a utilização de métodos que auxiliem na determinação da presença de cárie dentária remanescente. Objetivo: Avaliar in vitro a eficácia de métodos de indução de fluorescência no diagnóstico da remoção de tecido cariado artificial dentinário. Material e método: O esmalte oclusal de 94 terceiros molares humanos hígidos foi removido, expondo a dentina subjacente, para indução microbiológica de lesão de cárie artificial. Após a remoção do tecido cariado induzido, o remanescente dentinário foi avaliado por dois examinadores com DIAGNOdent, DIAGNOdent pen e Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence (QLF). Após todas as avaliações, secções dos dentes foram observadas e fotografadas em lupa estereoscópica com 30× de aumento por um examinador independente. As imagens foram analisadas no software Image J, permitindo a quantificação de tecido remanescente em milímetros quadrados. Foi calculada a reprodutibilidade interexaminador através de coeficiente intraclasse, sensibilidade, especificidade e área sob a curva ROC, e o teste de McNemar (p0,05). Os valores de reprodutibilidade variaram entre 0,952 e 0,978. Conclusão: Dentre os métodos utilizados, o DIAGNOdent e o DIAGNOdent pen apresentaram melhor desempenho na avaliação da presença de cárie artificialIntroduction: Clinical criteria have been used for the determination of the presence of residual caries, however in a subjective manner. Then the use of auxiliary methods that assist in determination of the remaining presence of caries can be considered for this purpose. Objective: Evaluate the in “in vitro” efficacy fluorescence induction methods in the diagnosis of removing artificial dentinal caries. Material and method: Ninety-four thirds sound human molars without occlusal enamel were used for microbiological artificial caries lesion induction. The decayed tissue was removed and the remaining dentin evaluated by two examiners with DIAGNOdent, DIAGNOdent pen and Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence - QLF. After all assessments, sections of the specimens were observed and photographed in stereoscopic lens with 30× increase by an independent examiner. These images were analyzed with Image J software, allowing quantitation of remaining caries tissue in mm2 . The inter-examiner reliability, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the ROC curve was calculated and the McNemar test (p0.05). The inter-examiner agreement ranged between 0.952 and 0.978. Conclusion: Among the methods used, the DIAGNOdent, DIAGNOdent pen showed better performance in residual caries detection after dentin caries removal when compared to QLF

Impact of a Tutored Theoretical-Practical Training to Develop Undergraduate Students’ Skills for the Detection of Caries Lesions: Study Protocol for a Multicenter Controlled Randomized Study

Background: Tutored laboratorial activities could be a manner of improving the competency development of students. However, its impact over conventional theoretical classes has not yet been tested. Additionally, different university contexts could influence this issue and should be explored. Objective: To assess the impact of a tutored theoretical-practical training for teaching undergraduate students to detect caries lesions as compared with theoretical teaching activities. The impact of these teaching/learning activities will be assessed in terms of efficacy, cost/benefit, retention of knowledge/acquired competences, and student acceptability. Methods: Sixteen centers (7 centers from Brazil and 9 centers from other countries throughout the world) are involved in the inclusion of subjects for this protocol. A randomized controlled study with parallel groups will be conducted. One group (control) will be exposed to a 60- to 90-minute conventional theoretical class and the other group (test) will be exposed to the same theoretical class and also a 90-minute laboratory class, including exercises and discussions based on the evaluation of a pool of images and extracted teeth. The mentioned outcomes will be evaluated immediately after the teaching activities and also in medium- and long-term analyses. To compare the long-term outcomes, students who enrolled in the university before the participating students will be interviewed for data collection and these data will be used as a control and compared with the trained group. This stage will be a nonrandomized phase of this study, nested in the main study. Appropriate statistical analysis will be performed according to the aims of this study. Variables related to the centers will also be analyzed and used to model adjustment as possible sources of variability among results. Results: This ongoing study is funded by a Brazilian national funding agency (CNPq- 400736/2014-4). We expect that the tutored theoretical-practical training will improve the undergraduate students’ performance in the detection of caries lesions and subsequent treatment decisions, mainly in terms of long-term retention of knowledge. Our hypothesis is that tutored theoretical-practical training is a more cost-effective option for teaching undergraduate students to detect caries lesions. Conclusions: If our hypothesis is confirmed, the use of laboratory training in conjunction with theoretical classes could be used as an educational strategy in Cariology to improve the development of undergraduate students’ skills in the detection of caries lesions and clinical decision-making

Efeito da inibição de metaloproteinases da matriz dentinária na produção e estabilidade mecânica da união resina-dentina afetada por cárie

Objetivo: O objetivo geral deste trabalho, dividido em três estudos, foi avaliar in vitro o efeito da aplicação da clorexidina na morfologia, resistência de união imediata e em longo prazo da união resina-dentina hígida e dentina afetada por cárie produzida por sistemas adesivos convencionais e autocondicionantes. Materiais e Métodos: No estudo 1, espécimes obtidos de interfaces produzidas pelo sistema adesivo Adper Single Bond 2 com a dentina hígida e a dentina afetada por cárie foram armazenados por 24 horas em água, 6 meses em água, clorexidina a 0,12% ou óleo mineral e subseqüentemente preparados para a avaliação do colágeno exposto na interface (coloração de Tricrômico de Goldner). Aos dados foram aplicados os testes de ANOVA e Tukey. No estudo 2, sobre a dentina hígida (n=24) ou artificialmente afetada por cárie (n=24), foram aplicados os sistemas adesivos Adper Scotchbond MP, Adper Single Bond 2, Clearfil SE Bond ou Adper Prompt L-Pop, na presença ou ausência de clorexidina. Espécimes para o ensaio mecânico de microtração foram produzidos (0,81 mm2) e os valores de resistência de união foram confrontados pelos testes de ANOVA e Tukey, para cada sistema adesivo. No estudo 3, 48 dentes foram artificialmente cariados e divididos segundo os mesmos sistemas adesivos utilizados no estudo 2 e aplicação ou não da clorexidina. Os espécimes produzidos (0,81 mm2) foram armazenados em água por 24 horas ou 6 meses sendo em seguida submetidos ao ensaio mecânico de microtração. Os dados obtidos foram analisados pelos testes de ANOVA e Tukey. Para todos os estudos, os testes estatísticos foram considerados ao nível pré-estabelecido de significância de 5%. Resultados: Não houve diferença estatística para as medidas de colágeno exposto dos grupos hígidos e cariados; entretanto foi detectada maior exposição do colágeno no grupo armazenado em água...Objective: The overall purpose of this work, divided into three studies, was to evaluate the in vitro effect of chlorhexidine application on the morphology, immediate and longterm bond strength of resin-noncarious dentin and resin-caries affected dentin bonds produced by etch-and-rinse and self-etching adhesive systems. Materials and Methods: In the first study, specimens obtained from bonds produced by Single Bond 2 applied on noncarious and caries-affected dentin were stored for 24 h in water, 6 m in water, in 0.12 chlorexidine or mineral oil. Subsequently, they were prepared for collagen identification within the bonds (Goldner’s Trichrome stain). Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey tests. In the second study, Scotchbond MP, Single Bond 2, Clearfil SE Bond and Prompt were applied on noncarious (n=24) or cariesaffected dentin (n=24) with or without chlorhexidine. Specimens were produced (0.81 mm2) and microtensile tested. The data for each adhesive system were submitted to ANOVA e Tukey tests. For the third study, 48 artificially decayed teeth were divided according to the same adhesive system used in study 2 and the use or not of chlorhexidine. The produced specimens (0.81 mm2) were stored in water for 24 h or 6 m before being stressed to failure. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests. For all the studies, the statistical tests were considered at the preset level of significance of 5%. Results: No statistical significant difference was seen between the width of the exposed collagen zone in bonds produced on noncarious and carious dentin. However, thicker zones were observed after 6 m of water storage for both substrates. Specimens stored in 0.12 chlorhexidine and mineral oil did not differ from those stored in water for 24 h (control). Bond strengths produced on caries-affected dentin were significantly lower than those produced on noncarious dentin when chloherxidine was... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Efeito do tempo de condicionamento na degradação da união resina-dentina decídua

O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o efeito da redução do tempo de condicionamento da dentina decídua na resistência de união imediata de um sistema convencional e um autocondicionante, e na degradação da união resina-dentina após 6 meses de armazenagem em água. Foram utilizados quarenta e oito molares decíduos hígidos foram aleatoriamente divididos em 4 grupos (n=12) de acordo com o sistema adesivo (Adper Single Bond e Clearfil SE Bond) e o tempo de condicionamento da dentina (como recomendado pelo fabricante e metade desse tempo). Desta forma, o sistema Single Bond foi aplicado sobre a dentina condicionada com ácido fosfórico a 35% por 15 ou 7 segundos, enquanto que o sistema Clearfil SE Bond foi aplicado à dentina condicionada com SE Primer por 20 ou 10 segundos. Em seguida, coroas em resina composta foram reconstruídas incrementalmente e os dentes foram mantidos hidratados em estufa à 37o C por 24 horas. Dez dentes de cada grupo foram utilizados para o ensaio mecânico de microtração. Os demais foram preparados para análise da interface adesiva em MEV. Espécimes em forma de pilar de secção transversal quadrangular (0,49 mm2) foram obtidos e divididos de acordo com a condição de armazenagem, 24 horas em água (controle), 6 meses em água e 6 meses em óleo. Os espécimes foram tracionados a velocidade de 0,5 mm/min em máquina de ensaios mecânicos e as fraturas classificadas em adesiva, coesiva em dentina, coesiva em resina ou mista. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pela análise de variância e testes complementares de comparação múltipla, considerando-se o nível de significância de 5%. Após 24 horas de armazenagem, os sistemas adesivos apresentaram valores de resistência de união comparáveis estatisticamente, não influenciados pela redução do tempo de condicionamento ácido... .To evaluate the effect of reducing the acid etching of primary dentin on the immediate bond strength of a conventional and a self-etching primer system, and on the degradation of the resin-dentin bonds after 6 months aging. Forty-eight sound primary molars were randomly divided into 4 groups of investigation (n=12) according to the adhesive system (Adper Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond) and the period of acid etching (as recommended by the manufacturers and half of this time). Single Bond was applied to dentin after 35% phosphoric acid etching for 15 seconds or 7 seconds, whereas Clearfil SE Bond was applied to dentin after the application of SE Primer for 20 seconds or 10 seconds. Following the adhesive systems, composite resin crowns were incrementally built-up and the teeth were stored in water at 37o C for 24 hours. Specimens with a cross-sectional area of 0,49 mm2 were produced from each one of the teeth (10 teeth per group) and further divided according to the storage condition, 24 hours in water, 6 months in water and 6 months in mineral oil, when they were tested under tension until failure in a machine operating at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min. After the microtensile test, the failures were classified as adhesive, cohesive in dentin, cohesive in resin or mixed. The two remaining teeth per group were prepared to SEM evaluation of the interfaces. Two-way analysis of variance and multiple comparison testes were applied at a significance level of 5%. When bond strength was evaluated after 24 hours storage in water there was no significant difference between the adhesive systems, irrespective of the periods of acid etching. For Single Bond, water storage for 6 months in water significantly reduced bond strength, especially when the dentin was phosphoric acid conditioned for 15 seconds (36.7% reduction). For Clearfil SE Bond... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Numerical Analysis of Electromagnetic Field Distribution in Hollow Metallic Rectangular Parallelepiped with Roof

The hollow metallic rectangular parallelepiped with roof is excited by a dipole antenna located near it. The induced current distribution on the surface of parallelepiped and the neighboring electric field are numerically investigated by using the electromagnetic simulator WIPL-D based on the method of moment. The calculation frequency is 945 MHz.Microwave Conference, 2007. KJMW 2007. Korea-Japan, 15-16 Nov.2007 Okinawa Gender Equality Center "Tiruru", Naha, Okinawa, Japa