Human capital and other determinants in the life cycle of the price of a slave: The case of spanish america in the eighteenth century

This paper analizes the determinants of the price life cicle of a slave, dealing particularly with the impact of the human capital, both with respect to skills and health. The paper details the source of the sample -including more than two thousand Spanish American Slaves of the 18th Century-and discusses its reliability, moving on to a descriptive analysis in the geographic and historical context. Later on it looks at the factors influencing price in several types of economic activity, and ends by comparing the conclusions with those obtained in other studies

Efectos bloque en la estimación de curvas de engel con datos de la encuesta de presupuestos familiares 1980-81

En este trabajo se analizan los efectos que el diseño en bloques de las Encuestas de Presupuestos Familiares puede tener sobre la estimación de Curvas de Engel. Al realizar tests de efectos fijos y de efectos aleatorios se detecta la presencia de efectos bloque. Sin embargo, se comprueba que los parametros obtenidos por mínimos cuadrados proporcionan una aproximación aceptable a las estimaciones consistentes (de efectos fijos), especialmente si se incluye en la regresión variables que miden características comunes a los hogares de un bloque

Evaluación del sistema educativo a partir de datos individuales

En este trabajo se pone de manifiesto la importancia de disponer de datos individuales de estudiantes y centros educativos para evaluar el funcionamiento del sistema educativo. utilizando datos del Experimento de Reforma de las Enseñanzas Medias se analiza la importancia de la características socioeconómicas y académicas de los alumnos en su elección de programa de estudios (BUP versus FP) y de tipo de centro (publico o privado). Se muestra cómo utilizar datos microeconómicos para evaluar cada uno de los centros mediante la estimación de efectos fijos en ecuaciones de rendimiento escolar

Un análisis de los determinantes del precio de los esclavos hispanoamericanos en el siglo XVIII

Nuevos enfoques en la historia económica de España y de América Latina. Homenaje a Robert W. Fogel y Douglas C. North, Premios Nobel de Economía 1993Editada en la Universidad Carlos IIIEl artículo analiza los determinantes del ciclo vital del precio de los esclavos, concentrándose especialmente en el impacto del capital humano, tanto en capacitación como en salud. Se describe el origen de la muestra utilizada — que incluye más de dos mil esclavos hispanoamericanos del siglo XVIII— y se discute su fiabilidad; más adelante se describen sus características en el marco histórico-geográfico. Se pasa luego a una investigación sobre los factores que afectan los precios para una variedad de actividades económicas.This paper analyzes the determinants of the price life cycle of a slave, dealing particularly with the impact of human capital, both with respect to skills and health. The paper details the source of the sample —including more than two thousand Spanish American slaves of the 18th century— and discusses its reliability, moving on to a descriptive analysis in the geographic and historical context. Later on, it looks at the factors influencing price in several types of economic activity.Publicad

Ingresos y capital humano: El caso de Buenos Aires a mediados del siglo XIX

Editada en la Universidad Carlos IIIEn este trabajo se efectúa una contrastación de la teoría del capital humano, utilizando para ello una muestra correspondiente a la ciudad de Buenos Aires en 1852. Este es uno de los raros casos en que para el siglo XIX se ha obtenido la información necesaria para construir ecuaciones de ingresos. Entre las conclusiones del análisis destaca la ausencia de una relación entre salarios y alfabetización. En cambio, para los propietarios se observa una relación significativa entre educación y rentas. Estos resultados son interpretados y comparados con los obtenidos en estudios referidos a otras regiones de la misma época.In this paper a sample which gives information on males from Buenos Aires in 1852 is used to estimate earnings equations. Some of these empirical results deserve special attention. No statistical correlation is found between salaries and literacy, but there is a significant correlation between capital owners and literacy. These results are interpreted using human capital theory. Then, they are compared with similar studies for other countries in the same period.Publicad

Una contrastación de la teoría del capital humano: ingresos y educación en Buenos Aires a mediados del siglo XIX

En este trabajo se efectúa una contratación de la teoría del capital humano, utilizando para ello una muestra correspondiente (a la ciudad de Buenos Aires en 1852. Este es uno de los raros casos en que para el S. XIX se ha obtenido la información necesaria para construir ecuaciones de ingresos. Entre las conclusiones del análisis destaca la ausencia de una relación entre salarios y alfabetización. En cambio, para los propietarios se observa una relación significativa entre educación y rentas. Estos resultados son interpretados y comparados con los obtenidos en estudios referidos a otras regiones de la misma época

Staying-on at school at sixteen: the impact of labor market conditions in Spain

Despite the recent increase in educational investment, Spain still ranks towards the bottom of the OECD country list for the level of its human capital stock and the new inflow of high school graduates. We address this issue by empirically investigating the impact of family characteristics and local labor market conditions on the demand for secondary education beyond the age of 16. Our results show that the record levels of Spanish youth unemployment, that should discourage an early entry into the labor market, do not seem to have enhanced substantially the probability of staying on at school at 16. It seems instead that parents' education is the main determinant of enrollment rates in Spain. This sort of inter-generational dependence clearly implies a strong persistence in the Spanish stock of human capital, and a slow convergence towards OECD standards

Phenotypic, genomic and functional characterization reveals no differences between CD138++ and CD138low subpopulations in multiple myeloma cell lines

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.Despite recent advances in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), it remains an incurable disease potentially due to the presence of resistant myeloma cancer stem cells (MM-CSC). Although the presence of clonogenic cells in MM was described three decades ago, the phenotype of MM-CSC is still controversial, especially with respect to the expression of syndecan-1 (CD138). Here, we demonstrate the presence of two subpopulations - CD138++ (95-99%) and CD138low (1-5%) - in eight MM cell lines. To find out possible stem-cell-like features, we have phenotypically, genomic and functionally characterized the two subpopulations. Our results show that the minor CD138low subpopulation is morphologically identical to the CD138++ fraction and does not represent a more immature B-cell compartment (with lack of CD19, CD20 and CD27 expression). Moreover, both subpopulations have similar gene expression and genomic profiles. Importantly, both CD138++ and CD138low subpopulations have similar sensitivity to bortezomib, melphalan and doxorubicin. Finally, serial engraftment in CB17-SCID mice shows that CD138++ as well as CD138low cells have self-renewal potential and they are phenotypically interconvertible. Overall, our results differ from previously published data in MM cell lines which attribute a B-cell phenotype to MM-CSC. Future characterization of clonal plasma cell subpopulations in MM patients' samples will guarantee the discovery of more reliable markers able to discriminate true clonogenic myeloma cells.This work was supported by the Cooperative Research Thematic Network (RTICs; RD06/0020/0006), the “Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Sanidad” (GRS 391/B/09), the “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” (PS09/01897), the “Fundación Memoria D. Samuel Solórzano Barruso” (FS/2-2010) and Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (AECC)(GCB120981SAN).Peer Reviewe

Effect of mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibition on T cell function: potential role in graft-versus-host disease control

Producción CientíficaThe mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is crucial for the activation and function of T cells, which play an essential role in the development of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Despite its partial ability to block mTOR pathway, the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin has shown encouraging results in the control of GvHD. Therefore, we considered that simultaneous targeting of both mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes could exert a more potent inhibition of T cell activation and, thus, could have utility in GvHD control. To assess this assumption, we have used the dual mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitors CC214-1 and CC214-2. In vitro studies confirmed the superior ability of CC214-1 versus rapamycin to block mTORC1 and mTORC2 activity and to reduce T cell proliferation. Both drugs induced a similar decrease in Th1/Th2 cytokine secretion, but CC214-1 was more efficient in inhibiting na€ıve T cell activation and the expression of Tcell activation markers. In addition, CC214-1 induced specific tolerance against alloantigens, while preserving anti-cytomegalovirus response. Finally, in a mouse model of GvHD, the administration of CC214-2 significantly improved mice survival and decreased GvHD-induced damages. In conclusion, the current study shows, for the first time, the immunosuppressive ability of CC214-1 on T lymphocytes and illustrates the role of CC214-2 in the allogeneic transplantation setting as a possible GvHD prophylaxis agent.Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (Proyecto GRS 726/A13