Relation between Interleukin 8 and Bronchial Asthma in Children: Review Article

Background: Asthma is a frequent respiratory condition to treat. A persistent airway inflammation characterizes this frequent form of pulmonary disease. Immune responses are triggered by cytokines and chemokines produced by airway epithelial cells. Human bronchial epithelial cells secrete IL-8 in response to the presence of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13, both of which are increased in asthmatics. There are two receptors for IL-8, the IL-8 receptor alpha (also known as CXCR1) and beta (also known as the IL-8 RB, CXCR2). IL8 is a potent chemotactic cytokine that activates inflammatory cells by recruiting mast cells, mononuclear phagocytes T lymphocytes, and neutrophils to the site of inflammation. Objective: To determine the relationship between IL8 and bronchial asthma in children. Conclusion: The assessment of IL8 levels in pediatric asthmatic patients is a useful biomarker reflecting the status of asthma and also to glucocorticoids and treatment responses

Polymorphism RS2227306 in the Interleukin 8 gene and its relation to bronchial asthma: Review article

Background: Allergy symptoms such as wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing are all symptoms of asthma, which is a long-term respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and reversible airway blockage. If you're a child or young adult, asthma is the most common long-term condition, with more severe symptoms. The CXC chemokine superfamily includes the Interleukin 8 (IL-8) chemokine. T lymphocytes, neutrophils, and mast cells are all chemotactic cytokines that IL-8 attracts in the body. A polymorphism in the promoter region of IL-8 - 781C/T (rs2227306) has been found to be associated with an elevated level of the cytokine IL-8. There is a gene in the first intron of the IL-8 - 781C/T (rs2227306) that has been reported to aid in both gene transcription and gene regulation.Objective: The aim of the present review was to study polymorphism RS2227306 in the interleukin 8 gene and its relation to bronchial asthma.Conclusion: IL8 polymorphism rs2227306 has the potential to be utilized as a marker in interpretation of assessment of severity of asthma

Rapid photocatalytic degradation of phenol from water using composite nanofibers under UV

Background The removal of phenol from aqueous solution via photocatalytic degradation has been recognized as an environmentally friendly technique for generating clean water. The composite nanofibers containing PAN polymer, CNT, and TiO$_{2}$ NPs were successfully prepared via electrospinning method. The prepared photocatalyst is characterized by SEM, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy. Different parameters are studied such as catalyst amount, the effect of pH, phenol concentration, photodegradation mechanism, flow rate, and stability of the composite nanofiber to evaluate the highest efficiency of the photocatalyst. Results The composite nanofibers showed the highest photodegradation performance for the removal of phenol using UV light within 7 min. The pH has a major effect on the photodegradation of phenol with its maximum performance being at pH 5. Conclusions Given the stability and flexibility of the composite nanofibers, their use in a dynamic filtration is possible and can be even reused after several cycles

Effect of Aromatase Inhibitor Letrozole on the Placenta of Adult Albino Rats: A Histopathological, Immunohistochemical, and Biochemical Study

Background: Letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, has recently been introduced as the preferred treatment option for ectopic pregnancy. To date, no study has investigated the effect of letrozole alone on placental tissue. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of letrozole on the placenta of rats and to clarify the underlying mechanism. Methods: Sixty pregnant female rats were equally divided into three groups, namely the control group (GI), low-dose (0.5 mg/Kg/day) letrozole group (GII), which is equivalent to the human daily dose (HED) of 5 mg, and high-dose (1 mg/Kg/day) letrozole group (GIII), equivalent to the HED of 10 mg. Letrozole was administered by oral gavage daily from day 6 to 16 of gestation. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test and Chi square test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Compared to the GI and GII groups, high-dose letrozole significantly increased embryonic mortality with a high post-implantation loss rate (P<0.001) and significantly reduced the number of viable fetuses (P<0.001) and placental weight (P<0.001) of pregnant rats. Moreover, it significantly reduced placental estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) (P<0.001) and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (P<0.001), while increasing the apoptotic index of cleaved caspase-3 (P<0.001).Conclusion: Letrozole inhibited the expression of ER and PR in rat placenta. It interrupted stimulatory vascular signals causing significant apoptosis and placental vascular dysfunction. Letrozole in an equivalent human daily dose of 10 mg caused a high post-implantation loss rate without imposing severe side effects

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Rapid photocatalytic degradation of phenol from water using composite nanofibers under UV

Background: The removal of phenol from aqueous solution via photocatalytic degradation has been recognized as an environmentally friendly technique for generating clean water. The composite nanofibers containing PAN polymer, CNT, and TiO2 NPs were successfully prepared via electrospinning method. The prepared photocatalyst is characterized by SEM, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy. Different parameters are studied such as catalyst amount, the effect of pH, phenol concentration, photodegradation mechanism, flow rate, and stability of the composite nanofiber to evaluate the highest efficiency of the photocatalyst. Results: The composite nanofibers showed the highest photodegradation performance for the removal of phenol using UV light within 7 min. The pH has a major effect on the photodegradation of phenol with its maximum performance being at pH 5. Conclusions: Given the stability and flexibility of the composite nanofibers, their use in a dynamic filtration is possible and can be even reused after several cycles

Valorization Use of Amphipod Meal, Gammarus pulex, as a Fishmeal Substitute on Growth Performance, Feed Utilization, Histological and Histometric Indices of the Gut, and Economic Revenue of Grey Mullet

The future of aquaculture development is directed toward high intensification to overcome the decline in natural fishing and to provide enough protein for the increasing world population. The spread of aquaculture production and intensification requires the search for high-quality, new efficient feed ingredients with low cost and sustainable importance. Therefore, the current study aimed to detect the effects of partial or total replacement of fishmeal with amphipod meal, Gammarus pulex, on growth performance, survival percent, feed utilization, histological alteration of intestine and liver, and economic yield of grey mullet, Mugil cephalus, fry. Five diets were formulated to contain 100% fishmeal (FM), or FM replaced with 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% amphipod meal (APM) (D0, D25, D50, D75, and D100, respectively). A total of 300 grey mullet fry (0.097 &plusmn; 0.001 g), were divided into five groups (three replicates each) at an initial stocking density of 20 fry per aquaria (100 L). The aquarium&rsquo;s water is renewed at a rate of 30% daily. During a 60-day experimental period, the feeding rate was 20% of body weight, which was introduced as five meals per day. Fish fed D50 achieved the highest significant values of final weight (1.80 g), weight gain (1.70 g), survival (86.67%), final length (4.47 cm), and length gain (2.06 cm). In addition, the feed utilization of diets containing increasing substitution levels of FM showed that the highest protein intake (0.82 g ish&minus;1), protein efficiency ratio (0.83), protein productive value (30.65%), and the lowest significant feed conversion ratio (1.21) were recorded with D50. The dose-response study revealed that the best substitution levels could range between 50% and 75%. Histological observations confirmed that the highest number of goblet cells and intestinal villi were recorded in the group fed D50. No pathological effect was observed in the liver at all substitution levels. In terms of economic efficiency, the best economic conversion ratio was recorded in the group fed D50. This study confirmed that 50% partial substitution of FM with APM is the ideal replacement level for grey mullet fry. In addition, the use of a new renewable alternative, such as APM to substitute FM, could relieve the pressure on the capture of wild fish and reduce the environmental impact of inland aquaculture

Valorization Use of Amphipod Meal, <i>Gammarus pulex</i>, as a Fishmeal Substitute on Growth Performance, Feed Utilization, Histological and Histometric Indices of the Gut, and Economic Revenue of Grey Mullet

The future of aquaculture development is directed toward high intensification to overcome the decline in natural fishing and to provide enough protein for the increasing world population. The spread of aquaculture production and intensification requires the search for high-quality, new efficient feed ingredients with low cost and sustainable importance. Therefore, the current study aimed to detect the effects of partial or total replacement of fishmeal with amphipod meal, Gammarus pulex, on growth performance, survival percent, feed utilization, histological alteration of intestine and liver, and economic yield of grey mullet, Mugil cephalus, fry. Five diets were formulated to contain 100% fishmeal (FM), or FM replaced with 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% amphipod meal (APM) (D0, D25, D50, D75, and D100, respectively). A total of 300 grey mullet fry (0.097 ± 0.001 g), were divided into five groups (three replicates each) at an initial stocking density of 20 fry per aquaria (100 L). The aquarium’s water is renewed at a rate of 30% daily. During a 60-day experimental period, the feeding rate was 20% of body weight, which was introduced as five meals per day. Fish fed D50 achieved the highest significant values of final weight (1.80 g), weight gain (1.70 g), survival (86.67%), final length (4.47 cm), and length gain (2.06 cm). In addition, the feed utilization of diets containing increasing substitution levels of FM showed that the highest protein intake (0.82 g ish−1), protein efficiency ratio (0.83), protein productive value (30.65%), and the lowest significant feed conversion ratio (1.21) were recorded with D50. The dose-response study revealed that the best substitution levels could range between 50% and 75%. Histological observations confirmed that the highest number of goblet cells and intestinal villi were recorded in the group fed D50. No pathological effect was observed in the liver at all substitution levels. In terms of economic efficiency, the best economic conversion ratio was recorded in the group fed D50. This study confirmed that 50% partial substitution of FM with APM is the ideal replacement level for grey mullet fry. In addition, the use of a new renewable alternative, such as APM to substitute FM, could relieve the pressure on the capture of wild fish and reduce the environmental impact of inland aquaculture

Effect of hydrophobic extension of aryl enaminones and pyrazole-linked compounds combined with sulphonamide, sulfaguanidine, or carboxylic acid functionalities on carbonic anhydrase inhibitory potency and selectivity

AbstractDesign and synthesis of three novel series of aryl enaminones (3a–f and 5a–c) and pyrazole (4a-c) linked compounds with sulphonamides, sulfaguanidine, or carboxylic acid functionalities were reported as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) using the “tail approach” strategy in their design to achieve the most variable amino acids in the middle/outer rims of the hCAs active site. The synthesised compounds were assessed in vitro for their inhibitory activity against the following human (h) isoforms, hCA I, II, IX, and XII using stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay. Enaminone sulphonamide derivatives (3a–c) potently inhibited the target tumour-associated isoforms hCA IX and hCA XII (KIs 26.2–63.7 nM) and hence compounds 3a and 3c were further screened for their in vitro cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Derivative 3c showed comparable potency against both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines under both normoxic ((IC50 = 4.918 and 12.27 µM, respectively) and hypoxic (IC50 = 1.689 and 5.898 µM, respectively) conditions compared to the reference drug doxorubicin under normoxic (IC50 = 3.386 and 4.269 µM, respectively) and hypoxic conditions (IC50 = 1.368 and 2.62 µM, respectively). Cell cycle analysis and Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide double staining methods were performed to reinforce the assumption that 3c may act as a cytotoxic agent through the induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 cancer cells

Effect of hydrophobic extension of aryl enaminones and pyrazole-linked compounds combined with sulphonamide, sulfaguanidine, or carboxylic acid functionalities on carbonic anhydrase inhibitory potency and selectivity

Design and synthesis of three novel series of aryl enaminones (3a–f and 5a–c) and pyrazole (4a-c) linked compounds with sulphonamides, sulfaguanidine, or carboxylic acid functionalities were reported as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) using the “tail approach” strategy in their design to achieve the most variable amino acids in the middle/outer rims of the hCAs active site. The synthesised compounds were assessed in vitro for their inhibitory activity against the following human (h) isoforms, hCA I, II, IX, and XII using stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay. Enaminone sulphonamide derivatives (3a–c) potently inhibited the target tumour-associated isoforms hCA IX and hCA XII (KIs 26.2–63.7 nM) and hence compounds 3a and 3c were further screened for their in vitro cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Derivative 3c showed comparable potency against both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines under both normoxic ((IC50 = 4.918 and 12.27 µM, respectively) and hypoxic (IC50 = 1.689 and 5.898 µM, respectively) conditions compared to the reference drug doxorubicin under normoxic (IC50 = 3.386 and 4.269 µM, respectively) and hypoxic conditions (IC50 = 1.368 and 2.62 µM, respectively). Cell cycle analysis and Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide double staining methods were performed to reinforce the assumption that 3c may act as a cytotoxic agent through the induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 cancer cells. </p