4,548 research outputs found
Probing confined phonon modes by transport through a nanowire double quantum dot
Strong radial confinement in semiconductor nanowires leads to modified
electronic and phononic energy spectra. We analyze the current response to the
interplay between quantum confinement effects of the electron and phonon
systems in a gate-defined double quantum dot in a semiconductor nanowire. We
show that current spectroscopy of inelastic transitions between the two quantum
dots can be used as an experimental probe of the confined phonon environment.
The resulting discrete peak structure in the measurements is explained by
theoretical modeling of the confined phonon mode spectrum, where the
piezoelectric coupling is of crucial importance.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures; final versio
InAs nanowire transistors with multiple, independent wrap-gate segments
We report a method for making horizontal wrap-gate nanowire transistors with
up to four independently controllable wrap-gated segments. While the step up to
two independent wrap-gates requires a major change in fabrication methodology,
a key advantage to this new approach, and the horizontal orientation more
generally, is that achieving more than two wrap-gate segments then requires no
extra fabrication steps. This is in contrast to the vertical orientation, where
a significant subset of the fabrication steps needs to be repeated for each
additional gate. We show that cross-talk between adjacent wrap-gate segments is
negligible despite separations less than 200 nm. We also demonstrate the
ability to make multiple wrap-gate transistors on a single nanowire using the
exact same process. The excellent scalability potential of horizontal wrap-gate
nanowire transistors makes them highly favourable for the development of
advanced nanowire devices and possible integration with vertical wrap-gate
nanowire transistors in 3D nanowire network architectures.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures, In press for Nano Letters (DOI below
Using ultra-thin parylene films as an organic gate insulator in nanowire field-effect transistors
We report the development of nanowire field-effect transistors featuring an
ultra-thin parylene film as a polymer gate insulator. The room temperature,
gas-phase deposition of parylene is an attractive alternative to oxide
insulators prepared at high temperatures using atomic layer deposition. We
discuss our custom-built parylene deposition system, which is designed for
reliable and controlled deposition of <100 nm thick parylene films on III-V
nanowires standing vertically on a growth substrate or horizontally on a device
substrate. The former case gives conformally-coated nanowires, which we used to
produce functional -gate and gate-all-around structures. These give
sub-threshold swings as low as 140 mV/dec and on/off ratios exceeding at
room temperature. For the gate-all-around structure, we developed a novel
fabrication strategy that overcomes some of the limitations with previous
lateral wrap-gate nanowire transistors. Finally, we show that parylene can be
deposited over chemically-treated nanowire surfaces; a feature generally not
possible with oxides produced by atomic layer deposition due to the surface
`self-cleaning' effect. Our results highlight the potential for parylene as an
alternative ultra-thin insulator in nanoscale electronic devices more broadly,
with potential applications extending into nanobioelectronics due to parylene's
well-established biocompatible properties
The Okun Misery Index in the European Union Countries from 2000 to 2009
The study is composed of four main parts and a summary. The first part, introduction, discusses various measures of the economic system's efficiency that are used in practice. Part two emphasises that the GDP per capita according to purchasing power parity still remains the most popular among those measures. Further, it presents the ranking of the European Union countries taking that measure into account, the research period being 1999-2009. Part three points out that it is also the level of poverty (misery) that determines the economic system's efficiency. That level can be measured by means of various indicators, among others, the so called HPI-2 index calculated by the UN. It will be the Okun misery index, however, computed as the sum of inflation and unemployment rates that will be presented as an alternative being of interest from the macroeconomic point of view. The ranking of the European Union member states according to that measure in the 2000-2004 and 2005-2009 periods will be provided in part four. The article will end in a summary containing synthetic conclusions drawn from earlier observations.Opracowanie składa się z czterech części zasadniczych i podsumowania. W punkcie pierwszym omówiono różnorodne mierniki sprawności systemu gospodarczego wykorzystywane w praktyce. W części drugiej podkreślono, iż nadal najpopularniejszym z nich jest PKB per capita według parytetu siły nabywczej. Zgodnie z tym miernikiem przedstawiono ranking państw Unii Europejskiej w latach 1999-2009. W punkcie trzecim podkreślono, że o sprawności systemu gospodarczego decyduje także poziom ubóstwa. Może być on mierzony różnymi wskaźnikami, m.in. tzw. indeksem HPI-2 obliczanym przez ONZ. Jako ciekawą z makroekonomicznego punktu widzenia alternatywę ukazano jednak miarę wskaźnika ubóstwa Okuna obliczanego poprzez zsumowanie stopy inflacji i stopy bezrobocia. Ranking państw Unii Europejskiej według tej miary w okresach 2000-2004 oraz 2005-2009 zaprezentowano w części czwartej. Całość zamknięto podsumowaniem, w którym zawarto syntetyczne wnioski z przeprowadzonych obserwacji
The Combinatorial World (of Auctions) According to GARP
Revealed preference techniques are used to test whether a data set is
compatible with rational behaviour. They are also incorporated as constraints
in mechanism design to encourage truthful behaviour in applications such as
combinatorial auctions. In the auction setting, we present an efficient
combinatorial algorithm to find a virtual valuation function with the optimal
(additive) rationality guarantee. Moreover, we show that there exists such a
valuation function that both is individually rational and is minimum (that is,
it is component-wise dominated by any other individually rational, virtual
valuation function that approximately fits the data). Similarly, given upper
bound constraints on the valuation function, we show how to fit the maximum
virtual valuation function with the optimal additive rationality guarantee. In
practice, revealed preference bidding constraints are very demanding. We
explain how approximate rationality can be used to create relaxed revealed
preference constraints in an auction. We then show how combinatorial methods
can be used to implement these relaxed constraints. Worst/best-case welfare
guarantees that result from the use of such mechanisms can be quantified via
the minimum/maximum virtual valuation function
New constraints on the cosmic mid-infrared background using TeV gamma-ray astronomy
Very high energy gamma-ray data obtained by CAT and HEGRA from active
galactic nucleus Mkn 501 are used to constrain the cosmic Mid-Infrared
background. While the entire infrared and submillimeter spectrum shape based on
models has been fixed and the density scaled as a whole in previous studies,
recent measures on the low and high energy infrared background are extensively
used in this paper. In this original approach, the infrared distribution is
only varied in the unexplored 3.5-100 microns region. With conservative
hypothesis on the intrinsic spectra of Mkn 501, an upper limit of 4.7
nW.m-2.sr-1 between 5 and 15 microns is derived, which is very close to the
lower limit inferred from deep ISOCAM cosmological surveys at 15 microns. This
result is shown to be independent of the exact density of the lambda < 3.5
microns and lambda > 100 microns infrared distribution within the uncertainties
of the measurements. Moreover, the study presented here rules out a complete
extragalactic origin for the 60 microns excess found by Finkbeiner et al.
(2000).Comment: Accepted for publication by A&
Analyzing capacitance-voltage measurements of vertical wrapped-gated nanowires
The capacitance of arrays of vertical wrapped-gate InAs nanowires are
analyzed. With the help of a Poisson-Schr"odinger solver, information about the
doping density can be obtained directly. Further features in the measured
capacitance-voltage characteristics can be attributed to the presence of
surface states as well as the coexistence of electrons and holes in the wire.
For both scenarios, quantitative estimates are provided. It is furthermore
shown that the difference between the actual capacitance and the geometrical
limit is quite large, and depends strongly on the nanowire material.Comment: 15 pages, 6 Figures included, to appear in Nanotechnolog
WARNING: Physics Envy May Be Hazardous To Your Wealth!
The quantitative aspirations of economists and financial analysts have for
many years been based on the belief that it should be possible to build models
of economic systems - and financial markets in particular - that are as
predictive as those in physics. While this perspective has led to a number of
important breakthroughs in economics, "physics envy" has also created a false
sense of mathematical precision in some cases. We speculate on the origins of
physics envy, and then describe an alternate perspective of economic behavior
based on a new taxonomy of uncertainty. We illustrate the relevance of this
taxonomy with two concrete examples: the classical harmonic oscillator with
some new twists that make physics look more like economics, and a quantitative
equity market-neutral strategy. We conclude by offering a new interpretation of
tail events, proposing an "uncertainty checklist" with which our taxonomy can
be implemented, and considering the role that quants played in the current
financial crisis.Comment: v3 adds 2 reference
New Limits to the Infrared Background: Bounds on Radiative Neutrino Decay and on Contributions of Very Massive Objects to the Dark Matter Problem
From considering the effect of γ-γ interactions on recently observed TeV gamma-ray spectra, improved limits are set to the density of extragalactic infrared photons which are robust and essentially model independent. The resulting limits are more than an order of magnitude more restrictive than direct observations in the 0.025–0.3 eV regime. These limits are used to improve constraints on radiative neutrino decay in the mass range above 0.05 eV and to rule out very massive objects as providing the dark matter needed to explain galaxy rotation curves. Lower bounds on the maximum distance which TeV gamma rays may probe are also derived
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