Implementation of a Child's Right to Education. Pre-Training

The article considers the form of implementation of the child's right to education, such as pre-training.В статье рассматривается такая форма реализации права ребенка на образование, как предпрофессиональная подготовка

Pathology of Sarcoidosis and Differential Diagnostics of other Granulomatous Diseases

Granulomatous diseases are the heterogeneous group of the conditions of different etiologies with a variety of clinic syndromes and morphological features and nonuniform sensitivity to therapy, and the existence of granulomas as general dominate histological expression. Granuloma is indicative of chronic inflammation involving cells of the macrophage system and other inflammatory cells. After the antigen exposure, the activation of T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and epithelioid histiocytes leads to granuloma formation. Granuloma also contains the extracellular matrix produced by fibroblasts, which provide the boundary and isolation of antigen. Their etiology may classify granulomatous diseases as infectious and noninfectious. However, recent studies demonstrate that pathogenic microorganisms may cause the granuloma formation in diseases previously considered as noninfectious. In some cases, differentiation between infectious and noninfectious processes may be problematic. This chapter aims to highlight the multiformity of granulomatous diseases, characterize the pathologic features of different infectious and noninfectious granulomatosis, and delineate the diagnostic approach

Common inaccuracies and errors in the application of statistical methods in soil science

The most common inaccuracies and errors in the application of statistical methods found in Russian publications on soil science are considered. When designating random variables and distribution parameters in Greek letters, it is necessary to designate those that refer to general populations, and Latin letters – to sampling ones. A detailed description of the experiment and what the replications relate to allows you to draw correct conclusions from the study. It is necessary to avoid pseudoreplication when results at closely located sampling points are considered as characteristics of soil variability over large distances. Expanding the list of descriptive statistics will allow you to use a specific study in meta-analysis. Calculating the confidence interval for the average using the Student's test at different significance levels expands the scope of possible values of the average, but this approach is justified only if the indicator does not differ too much from the normal distribution. When testing statistical hypotheses, it is necessary to pay attention not only to the level of significance, but also to the power of the criterion. The normality distribution hypothesis can be tested using various criteria. The success of applying the criterion depends not only on the validity of the null hypothesis (a truly normal distribution), but also on other reasons: on the sample size and on the alternatives for which the criterion tests the hypothesis. Any statement about the type of relationship between features based on the correlation coefficient (Pearson or Spearman) is meaningless without specifying the number of replicates, since it is the number of replicates that determines the significance of the difference between the correlation coefficient and zero. It is proposed that authors and reviewers pay closer attention to such errors

Global patterns in seagrass herbivory: Why, despite existing evidence, there are solid arguments in favor of latitudinal gradients in seagrass herbivory

© 2020, Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation. The ecological paradigm that biological interactions are more intense in the tropics than in temperate or polar regions has existed since the mid-twentieth century, but several recent meta-analyses have provided scant evidence for latitudinal gradients in the intensity of herbivory. This contradictory evidence led us to carefully review the data and results of several of those papers that failed to find latitudinal gradients in rates of seagrass herbivory. To re-evaluate the arguments around the presence or absence of latitudinal gradients in herbivory in seagrass, we began by expanding the selection criteria to include more studies to compare the published latitudinal range of seagrass occurrences with the latitudes in which seagrass herbivory has been studied. We also compared the latitudinal range of known seagrass herbivores with the distribution of studies on seagrass herbivory. Finally, we investigated studies that provided seasonal data on net primary production and standing stock of seagrasses, which allowed an assessment of the relative amounts of production that could enter the seagrass grazing food web among latitudes and climatic regimes. Consistent with recent meta-analyses, we found little latitudinal effect on grazing rates. However, we argue that the following factors are likely to confound these findings and potentially mask latitudinal trends in seagrass herbivory: (1) the paucity of data available to test latitudinal trends in grazing rates at high latitudes; (2) the mismatch between the geographic distribution of important grazers and studies on seagrass herbivory; (3) the paucity of experimental studies from areas with little or no herbivory because few researchers would initiate a study on something not observed to be occurring; (4) the high level of seasonality in seagrass production in high latitudes, where seagrass production is very low or nonexistent in winter months; (5) the fact that temperate areas with Mediterranean climates behave very differently than temperate areas at similar latitudes with much greater seasonality, thereby making latitude a much less informative independent variable than annual range in temperature; and (6) anthropogenic disturbances, including the overharvesting to functional extinction of large seagrass herbivores in both temperate and tropical regions. Thus, while we currently cannot discount the lack of a latitudinal gradient in grazing intensity, we argue that the intensity of grazing is likely to be greater in the tropics than high-latitude regions where the carrying capacity of seagrass meadows is far less stable. Either way, there are clear gaps in our knowledge and ability to evaluate the role of grazing in seagrass ecosystems and inform future efforts to conserve and restore these extraordinarily valuable ecosystems

Genomic and phenotypic analysis of Vavilov's historic landraces reveals the impact of environment and genomic islands of agronomic traits.

The Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), in St. Petersburg, Russia, houses a unique genebank, with historical collections of landraces. When they were collected, the geographical distribution and genetic diversity of most crops closely reflected their historical patterns of cultivation established over the preceding millennia. We employed a combination of genomics, computational biology and phenotyping to characterize VIR's 147 chickpea accessions from Turkey and Ethiopia, representing chickpea's center of origin and a major location of secondary diversity. Genotyping by sequencing identified 14,059 segregating polymorphisms and genome-wide association studies revealed 28 GWAS hits in potential candidate genes likely to affect traits of agricultural importance. The proportion of polymorphisms shared among accessions is a strong predictor of phenotypic resemblance, and of environmental similarity between historical sampling sites. We found that 20 out of 28 polymorphisms, associated with multiple traits, including days to maturity, plant phenology, and yield-related traits such as pod number, localized to chromosome 4. We hypothesize that selection and introgression via inadvertent hybridization between more and less advanced morphotypes might have resulted in agricultural improvement genes being aggregated to genomic 'agro islands', and in genotype-to-phenotype relationships resembling widespread pleiotropy

Гранулематозные заболевания легких

Granulomatous lung disease is a heterogeneous group of diseases with different etiology, clinical symptoms and tissue damage, and different response to therapy. The prevalent histological sign of granulomatous lung disease is granuloma which is the clinical and morphological entity of this disease. The aim of this review was to describe a diversity of granulomatous diseases, key morphological features of infectious and non-infectious granulomatosis, and a diagnostic approach. Granuloma is a result of chronic inflammation involving cells of macrophage system and other inflammatory cells. Antigens activate T-lymphocytes, macrophages, epithelioid cells and polynuclear giant cells which form granuloma. Also, granuloma contains the extracellular matrix that is produced by fibroblasts and is intended to isolate the antigen. Granulomas could be infectious and non-infectious but, according to recent findings, microorganisms could cause granuloma formation in cases considered as non-infectious diseases. Therefore, sometimes it is difficult to estimate infectious or non-infectious origin of the disease.Гранулематозные болезни – это гетерогенная группа заболеваний различной этиологии, проявляющихся разнообразными клиническими синдромами и вариантами тканевых изменений, неоднородной чувствительностью к терапии и преобладанием общего доминирующего гистологического признака – наличия гранулем, которые определяют клинико-морфологическую сущность каждой болезни. Целью настоящей работы является привлечение внимания читателей к разнообразию гранулематозных заболеваний, а также описание ключевых моментов патологоанатомических проявлений различных болезней инфекционной и неинфекционной природы и определение подхода к дифференциальной диагностике гранулематозов. Гранулема является хронической воспалительной реакцией, в которой принимают участие клетки макрофагальной системы и другие клетки воспаления. После воздействия антигена происходит активация T-лимфоцитов, макрофагов, эпителиоидных клеток и гигантских многоядерных клеток, приводящая к образованию гранулемы. Гранулема включает также внеклеточный матрикс, продуцируемый фибробластами, позволяющий отграничить и изолировать антиген. Гранулематозные заболевания по этиологии классифицируются на инфекционные и неинфекционные. Однако согласно последним исследованиям, патогенные микроорганизмы могут быть причиной развития гранулем при заболеваниях, ранее считавшихся неинфекционными. В ряде случаев классифицировать гранулематозный процесс как инфекционный и неинфекционный представляется затруднительным

Об интерстициальных пневмониях: ответы на вопросы профессора М.М.Ильковича и рассуждения на актуальную тему

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Этиология, патогенез и патологическая анатомия диффузного альвеолярного повреждения

The paper considers the current concept of diffuse alveolar lesion (DAL), a rather rare condition that requires intensive care measures. The clinicomorphological manifestation of DAL is adult respiratory distress syndrome. The causes of DAL occurring with an infectious process, including septic conditions, as well as with inhalations of toxic gases and aerosols; shock, radiation, drug therapy, etc. are presented. The pathogenesis of DAL and its pathological anatomy is described in detail, pathological lung alterations in different periods after the onset of the disease being characterized.В настоящей статье рассматривается современная концепция диффузного альвеолярного повреждения (ДАП) — достаточно часто встречающегося состояния, требующего проведения интенсивных терапевтических мероприятий. Клиническим проявлением морфологии ДАП является респираторный дистресс-синдром взрослых. Приведены причины возникновения ДАП — на фоне инфекционного процесса, включая септические состояния; ингаляций токсичных газов и аэрозолей; при шоке; действии радиации; лекарственной терапии и др. Подробно описан патогенез развития ДАП и патологическая анатомия, при этом характеризуются патологические изменения в легких на разных сроках от начала развития заболевания

Demonstration Exam in the System of Higher Education as an Objective Reality

Положительный для развития системы среднего профессионального образования опыт проведения демонстрационных экзаменов как формы промежуточной и государственной итоговой аттестации требует такой формы оценки профессиональных знаний и умений и от обучающихся высшей школы. О правоте этого тезиса говорит и Концепция подготовки педагогических кадров для системы образования на период до 2030 года, где предусматривается проведение демонстрационного экзамена как экзамена профессионального, в комплексе оценивающего результаты подготовки педагогов общего образования. Модель внедрения демонстрационного экзамена в Государственную итоговую аттестацию выпускников РГППУ позволит независимым экспертам оценить предметные умения обучающихся, в том числе цифровые навыки (при промежуточной аттестации), а также педагогические, методические, психологические умения выпускников (при государственной итоговой аттестации).Positive for the development of the system of secondary vocational education, the experience of conducting demonstration examinations as a form of intermediate and state final certification requires such a form of assessment of professional knowledge and skills from students of higher education. The correctness of this thesis is also evidenced by the Concept of Teacher Training for the Education System for the Period up to 2030, which provides for a demonstration exam as a professional exam that comprehensively evaluates the results of training teachers of general education. The model of introducing a demonstration exam into the State Final Certification of RSVPU graduates will allow independent experts to assess the subject skills of students, including digital skills (with intermediate certification), as well as pedagogical, methodological, psychological skills of graduates (with state final certification)