20 research outputs found
Microbiome sharing between children, livestock and household surfaces in western Kenya
The gut microbiome community structure and development are associated with several health outcomes in young children. To determine the household influences of gut microbiome structure, we assessed microbial sharing within households in western Kenya by sequencing 16S rRNA libraries of fecal samples from children and cattle, cloacal swabs from chickens, and swabs of household surfaces. Among the 156 households studied, children within the same household significantly shared their gut microbiome with each other, although we did not find significant sharing of gut microbiome across host species or household surfaces. Higher gut microbiome diversity among children was associated with lower wealth status and involvement in livestock feeding chores. Although more research is necessary to identify further drivers of microbiota development, these results suggest that the household should be considered as a unit. Livestock activities, health and microbiome perturbations among an individual child may have implications for other children in the household
Effects of Anacetrapib in Patients with Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease
BACKGROUND:
Patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease remain at high risk for cardiovascular events despite effective statin-based treatment of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. The inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) by anacetrapib reduces LDL cholesterol levels and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. However, trials of other CETP inhibitors have shown neutral or adverse effects on cardiovascular outcomes.
METHODS:
We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 30,449 adults with atherosclerotic vascular disease who were receiving intensive atorvastatin therapy and who had a mean LDL cholesterol level of 61 mg per deciliter (1.58 mmol per liter), a mean non-HDL cholesterol level of 92 mg per deciliter (2.38 mmol per liter), and a mean HDL cholesterol level of 40 mg per deciliter (1.03 mmol per liter). The patients were assigned to receive either 100 mg of anacetrapib once daily (15,225 patients) or matching placebo (15,224 patients). The primary outcome was the first major coronary event, a composite of coronary death, myocardial infarction, or coronary revascularization.
RESULTS:
During the median follow-up period of 4.1 years, the primary outcome occurred in significantly fewer patients in the anacetrapib group than in the placebo group (1640 of 15,225 patients [10.8%] vs. 1803 of 15,224 patients [11.8%]; rate ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.85 to 0.97; P=0.004). The relative difference in risk was similar across multiple prespecified subgroups. At the trial midpoint, the mean level of HDL cholesterol was higher by 43 mg per deciliter (1.12 mmol per liter) in the anacetrapib group than in the placebo group (a relative difference of 104%), and the mean level of non-HDL cholesterol was lower by 17 mg per deciliter (0.44 mmol per liter), a relative difference of -18%. There were no significant between-group differences in the risk of death, cancer, or other serious adverse events.
CONCLUSIONS:
Among patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease who were receiving intensive statin therapy, the use of anacetrapib resulted in a lower incidence of major coronary events than the use of placebo. (Funded by Merck and others; Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN48678192 ; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01252953 ; and EudraCT number, 2010-023467-18 .)
Mosites_Microbiome_Sharing_Kenya_20170119
Questionnaire and microbiome data for Microbiome Sharing Between Children, Livestock and Household Surfaces in Western Kenya., Mosites, Emily, et al
Principal coordinate analysis of unweighted UniFrac distances representing phylogenetic clustering of gut and environmental microbiome constituents in samples from households in western Kenya.
<p>Principal coordinate analysis of unweighted UniFrac distances representing phylogenetic clustering of gut and environmental microbiome constituents in samples from households in western Kenya.</p
Characteristics of sampled households, children, cattle, and poultry, western Kenya 2014 (n = 117 households).
<p>Characteristics of sampled households, children, cattle, and poultry, western Kenya 2014 (n = 117 households).</p
Pairwise comparisons of the distribution of Bray-Curtis abundance distance metrics comparing samples within and between households in western Kenya.
<p>Children within the same household and surfaces within the same household show significantly similar microbial communities.</p
Sequencing data quality and <i>de novo</i> Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) count results, by sample type.
<p>Sequencing data quality and <i>de novo</i> Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) count results, by sample type.</p
Bar charts representing the relative abundance of phyla in the gut microbiomes of children, cattle, and chickens, and in environmental microbiomes from living spaces and cooking areas in households in western Kenya.
<p>Each column represents a single household. In households where two children were sampled the human bar plot is divided evenly down the center. Samples with missing data are blank while unassigned taxa are gray.</p