Ecofisiologia microbiana e micro-organismos contaminantes de linguiça suína e de frango do tipo frescal

Doença Transmitida por Alimento (DTA) é um termo genérico, aplicado a uma síndrome, que geralmente apresenta como consequências anorexia, náuseas, vômitos e/ou diarreia. No Brasil, no período compreendido entre 2000 e agosto de 2014, identificaram-se 9.719 surtos de DTA, com 192.803 pessoas doentes, o que evidencia a fragilidade dessa situação. Este estudo objetivou revisar a contaminação microbiana de linguiças suínas e de frango no contexto das DTA. Realizou-se uma revisão de literatura a partir das bases de dados Medline/Pubmed, Lilacs, Scielo e Periódicos Capes, publicados em qualquer período, com os principais termos de indexação: linguiça de frango e suína; ecofisiologia microbiana; contaminação de linguiça de frango e suína. No país, os alimentos embutidos têm ganhado cada vez mais destaque no mercado, sendo a carne de frango e suína importantes no comércio, tendo seus embutidos estado em crescente expansão. Embora haja legislação que embase os embutidos frescais, muitos estudos apresentam resultados insatisfatórios no que tange a qualidade microbiológica de linguiças suínas e de frango. O conhecimento das características dos micro-organismos assim como o da ecofisiologia microbiana é importante, visto que possibilita a tomada de medidas mais eficazes na prevenção da contaminação dos alimentos por eles.

Microbiological quality of fresh sausages and characterization if isolates of Escherichia coli

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira ([email protected]) on 2015-05-08T14:01:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Samira Obeid Georges - 2015.pdf: 3115879 bytes, checksum: d0827bc72104594da4d318d17d927b3b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira ([email protected]) on 2015-05-08T14:13:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Samira Obeid Georges - 2015.pdf: 3115879 bytes, checksum: d0827bc72104594da4d318d17d927b3b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:13:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Samira Obeid Georges - 2015.pdf: 3115879 bytes, checksum: d0827bc72104594da4d318d17d927b3b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-19Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESFresh sausages are well accepted and sold in Brazil. Even ready for consumption, they may contain some pathogenic microorganisms, featuring failure in sanitary control. The Escherichia coli stands out for being indicative of fecal contamination, due to its antimicrobial resistance and high genetic variability. The aim of this research was to evaluate the microbiological quality of pork and chicken sausages, homemade and industrial fresh type, according to Brazilian legislation. In addition, the objective was to test the antimicrobial susceptibility and to identify the genetic profile of E. coli isolated from these sausages. The samples were collected in July and August 2013 in 43 butchers of the city of Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás and, for each of them, it was noted the manufacturing process, whether homemade or industrial. In addition, the temperature of exposure counters and sausages was measured. The samples were submitted to microbiological analysis according to RDC nº 12 of January 2, 2001, following the methodology proposed by the American Public Health Association. The susceptibility testing to antibiotics followed the diffusion technique in Müeller-Hinton agar and the genetic variability was observed by the technique of Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis. Were obtained from sausages, eight isolates of E. coli and seven of Staphylococcus aureus. The homemade sausages, as well as pork sausages were more contaminated than the industrialized and chicken. The chicken sausages presented lower average temperatures than strains pork sausages (6,0 and 6,5ºC, respectively), whereas homemade sausages showed higher average temperatures compared to industrialized (5,7 and 6,8ºC, respectively). The most strains of E. coli (71,4%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic tested. Higher resistance profile were observed to tetracycline and ampicillin, while 100,0% of the isolates were susceptible to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, aztreonam and imipenen. There was observed a high genetic variability among isolates by PFGE technique. The sausages were according to the Brazilian law, although the results may indicate failure in sanitary control, antibiotic-resistant strains and high genetic diversity among the isolates, indicating different sources of contamination.A linguiça do tipo frescal é bem aceita e comercializada no Brasil. Mesmo pronta para o consumo, pode apresentar alguns micro-organismos patogênicos, caracterizando possível falha no seu controle higienicossanitário. A bactéria Escherichia coli destaca-se por ser indicativa de contaminação fecal, por apresentar resistência a antimicrobianos e alta variabilidade genética. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de linguiças suínas e de frango, artesanais e industriais, do tipo frescal, segundo a legislação brasileira vigente. Além disso, objetivou-se testar a susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos e identificar o perfil genético dos isolados de E. coli destas linguiças. As amostras foram coletadas nos meses de julho a agosto de 2013, em 43 açougues do Município de Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás e, para cada uma delas, anotou-se o processo de fabricação, isto é, se artesanal ou industrial. Além disso, aferiu-se a temperatura das linguiças e de seus respectivos balcões de exposição à venda. As amostras foram submetidas à análise microbiológica de acordo com a RDC nº 12 de dois de janeiro de 2001, seguindo metodologia preconizada pela American Public Health Association. O teste de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos seguiu a técnica de disco difusão em ágar Müeller–Hinton e a variabilidade genética foi observada pela técnica do Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis. Obtiveram-se oito isolados de E. coli e sete de Staphylococcus aureus. As linguiças artesanais, assim como as suínas estiveram mais contaminadas do que as industrializadas e de frango. Estas últimas apresentaram temperaturas médias menores do que as amostras suínas (6,0 e 6,5ºC, respectivamente), enquanto que linguiças artesanais apresentaram temperaturas médias superiores às industriais (6,8 e 5,7ºC, respectivamente). A maioria dos isolados de E. coli (71,4%) foi resistente a, no mínimo, um antibiótico testado. Apresentaram ainda maior resistência à tetraciclina e ampicilina (71,4%) e 100,0% apresentaram sensibilidade à ceftazidima, ciprofloxacina, aztreonam e imipenem. Observou-se ainda, alta variabilidade genética entre os isolados pela técnica do PFGE. As linguiças estiveram, em sua maioria, próprias ao consumo humano de acordo com a legislação brasileira, embora os resultados possam indicar falha no controle higienicossanitário, cepas resistentes a antibióticos e alta diversidade genética entre os isolados, indicando fontes diferentes de contaminação

Risk and Protective Factors for Child Overweight/Obesity Among Low Socio-Economic Populations in Israel: A Cross Sectional Study

Background and Aims: Scientific evidence regarding protective factors that contribute to healthy weight in childhood is limited and is particularly scarce in lower socio-economic populations in different ethnic groups. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of biological, behavioral and psychosocial factors for child overweight/obesity in Jewish and Arab population groups in Israel, and to compare their associations with child overweight/obesity in the two groups.Methods: Children aged 5–6 years were randomly selected from 20 Mother and Child Health clinics in towns and villages of lowest socio-economic ranking in Northern Israel. Children and mothers were invited for a special “One Stop Shop–Preparation for School” visit which included growth measurements. Questionnaires were distributed to mothers for self-report on biological, SES, psychological and lifestyle factors. Perinatal and early nutritional data were retrieved from clinic records. Multivariate analyses using logistic regression models predicting child overweight/obesity were conducted separately for Jewish (N = 371) and Arab (N = 575) children.Results: Overweight/obesity (BMI ≥85th centile) rates were higher in Jewish (25%) than Arab (19%) children. In both Jewish and Arab groups, respectively, maternal BMI (OR = 1.10 [95%CI = 1.04, 1.17]; OR = 1.08 [95%CI = 1.04, 1.13]), and child birthweight (OR = 1.33 [95%CI = 1.04, 1.71]; OR = 1.39 [95%CI = 1.11, 1.73]) were significant risk factors for overweight/obesity, and maternal self-efficacy regarding child's lifestyle was significantly protective (OR = 0.49 [95%CI = 0.28, 0.85]; OR = 0.54 [95%CI = 0.34, 0.85]). Additionally, four other maternal psychological and child behaviors were significantly associated with overweight/obesity in the Jewish group and two child lifestyle behavior factors in the Arab group. Moreover, significant interactions indicating moderation effects were found only in the Jewish group: maternal education and maternal age moderated the effect of maternal BMI on child overweight/obesity. No other moderation of risk factors was found.Discussion: In this study of children from low SES families, protective factors contributed to healthy child weight alongside risk factors for overweight/obesity. They differed between the population groups, and fewer variables explained overweight/obesity in Arab children. Although further expansion of these findings is required they point at the relevance of protective factors, maternal self-efficacy in particular, for understanding childhood obesity in specific ethnic contexts and for planning culturally adapted prevention programs in disadvantaged populations

A cross sectional survey assessing knowledge, attitudes and behaviors regarding brucellosis among Arab Israelis

Abstract Background Brucellosis is a contagious zoonotic disease transferred from sick animals to humans and endemic in the Middle East and other countries. Humans mainly acquire the disease by consuming non-pasteurized dairy products from infected animals. This study assesses the rates of non-pasteurized dairy product consumption, knowledge and attitudes regarding brucellosis among Israeli Arabs, in towns with and without reported cases of brucellosis. The aim is to assess if there is an association between knowledge, attitudes and consumption of non-pasteurized dairy products and if encountering the disease in the community is associated with consumption, attitudes and knowledge. Methods A cross sectional telephone survey of 306 respondents from five Arab towns in the northern part of Israel, three towns with and two without reported cases of the disease during 2014. The questionnaire included questions regarding knowledge and attitudes related to brucellosis and patterns of production, purchase and consumption of dairy products from non-regulated sources, mainly semi-hard low value white cheese. Results Nearly 41% of respondents reported consuming cheese from non-regulated sources and 16.1% of respondents reported purchasing milk from non-regulated sources. Favorable attitudes towards factors enhancing transmission of brucellosis were associated with purchasing and consuming milk or homemade white cheese from non-regulated sources in multivariable logistic regression models (odds ratio- 2.21 and 2.66 respectively, confidence intervals between 1.7 and 3.9). However, knowledge about the disease was not associated with these behaviors. In towns with previous reported cases of the disease the purchasing and consumption of non-regulated cheeses was higher than in towns without reported cases and the opposite for non-regulated milk consumption. Conclusions The purchase and consumption of cheese from non-regulated sources is very common in specific communities among Israeli Arabs. Attitudes are a significant factor associated with the risky behavior, such as consuming milk and cheese from non-regulated sources. However, knowledge and previous reported cases of the disease in the community do not prevent most risky behaviors. Interventions should not focus only on dissemination of information

Evaluation of heavy metals content in dietary supplements in Lebanon

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The consumption of dietary supplements is widely spread and on the rise. These dietary supplements are generally used without prescriptions, proper counseling or any awareness of their health risk. The current study aimed at analyzing the metals in 33 samples of imported dietary supplements highly consumed by the Lebanese population, using 3 different techniques, to ensure the safety and increase the awareness of the citizen to benefit from these dietary supplements.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Some samples had levels of metals above their maximum allowable levels (Fe: 24%, Zn: 33%, Mn: 27%, Se: 15%, Mo: 12% of samples), but did not pose any health risk because they were below permitted daily exposure limit and recommended daily allowance except for Fe in 6% of the samples. On the other hand, 34% of the samples had Cu levels above allowable limit where 18% of them were above their permitted daily exposure and recommended daily allowance. In contrast, all samples had concentration of Cr, Hg, and Pb below allowable limits and daily exposure. Whereas, 30% of analyzed samples had levels of Cd above allowable levels, and were statistically correlated with Ca, and Zn essential minerals. Similarly 62% of the samples had levels of As above allowable limits and As levels were associated with Fe and Mn essential minerals.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Dietary supplements consumed as essential nutrients for their Ca, Zn, Fe and Mn content should be monitored for toxic metal levels due to their natural geochemical association with these essential metals to provide citizens the safe allowable amounts.</p