Comparison of Adsorption and Encapsulation Methods in Preparation of rSAG1-loaded PLGA Nanospheres as Particulate Vaccine against Toxoplasma gondii Infection

Introduction: Despite all progress in vaccine research against toxoplasmosis, subunit vaccines still deal with poor immunogenicity, which could be overcome by using efficient delivery vehicles like PLGA. The proteinaceous nature of antigens makes the loading of protein more challenging than chemical medicines. Here, we prepared rSAG1-PLGA by adsorption and encapsulation methods and compared their characterizations. Methods and Results: Blank PLGA and rSAG1-encapsulated PLGA nanospheres were prepared using double emulsion solvent evaporation technique at room temperature. rSAG1-adsorbed PLGA nanospheres were prepared by incubating a suspension of freeze-dried blank PLGA with rSAG1 in PBS (pH 7.4) and it was mixed at 4°C overnight. Size, PDI, zeta potential, preparation yield, and adsorption/encapsulation efficiency of all prepared PLGA nanospheres were characterized and summarized in table below:   Formulation Size (nm) PDI* Zeta potential (mV) A/E efficiency (%) Yield (%) Blank PLGA 438 ± 11 0.12 ± 0.01 -5.56 ± 0.68 - 86.8 ± 3.56 rSAG1-adsorbed  PLGA 486 ± 9.9 0.14 ± 0.02 -1.00 ± 0.33 69.73 ± 3.05 87.4 ± 2.7 rSAG1-encapsulated PLGA 471 ± 8.5 0.20 ± 0.04 -4.66 ± 0.6 46.93 ± 2.51 86.8 ± 2.86 *Poly Dispersity Index, A; adsorption, E; encapsulation Moreover, in vitro release profile of both PLGA nanospheres during 4 weeks demonstrated more or less similar release pattern (zero-order release patterns). However, rSAG1 release in rSAG1-encapsulated PLGA happened slower than release in rSAG1-adsorbed one. Conclusions:  Based on obtained size, both rSAG1-adsorbed and rSAG1-encapsulated particles could be efficiently taken up by presenting cells. Higher efficiency of adsorption than encapsulation makes adsorption method more economic in large scale. Protein during encapsulation process faces some stability problems due to exposure to harsh mechanical thermal and chemical stresses affecting protein integrity and immunogenicity. Therefore, protein adsorption would be applied as a suitable method for protein loading. We are going to evaluate the efficiency of both particles in eliciting immune responses in BALB/c

Effectiveness of antidiabetic agents for treatment of gestational diabetes : A methodological quality assessment of meta-analyses and network meta-analysis

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Metformin therapy before conception versus throughout the pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in women with polycystic ovary syndrome : a systemic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression

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Classification of social media posts during the Corona crisis based on their polarity

The Iranian people were confronted with a range of emotions during the Covid-19 crisis, which they shared on social media platforms. Social media played a crucial role in disseminating information and reflecting public sentiment during the pandemic. Consequently, governments and health organizations worldwide recognized the importance of analyzing social media data. Many researchers have examined these data using different approaches worldwide. This study focuses on the polarity analysis and classification of messages posted on social media during the COVID-19 crisis. The study analyzed messages shared by Persian-language users on social networks using natural language processing and deep learning techniques. Various deep learning methods, including convolutional neural networks (CNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), and fuzzy-LSTM were used to classify the data as positive or negative polarity. The three-layer deep convolutional neural network achieved the highest accuracy of 72.29%. Finally, a comprehensive comparison of the different networks used was conducted across multiple aspects

The risk of chronic kidney disease among women with polycystic ovary syndrome : A long‐term population‐based cohort study

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Trend of various adiposity indices in women with and without history of gestational diabetes : a population-based cohort study

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A 21-year-old Pregnant Trauma Patient with Asymptomatic Fat Embolism; a Case Report

Introduction: Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is most often associated with orthopedic trauma that typically presents 24–72 hours after the trauma with a classic triad. Only few cases of fat embolism due to lower extremity venous system had been reported. Case presentation: The current case report presents a pregnant woman who was referred to our emergency department with bilateral femoral open fracture. After detecting fetal demise by abdominopelvic ultrasound, an area of fat density in right external iliac vein was detected in abdominopelvic contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan which was considered as the probable diagnosis of fat embolism. While the patient did not show signs and symptoms of FES, the fat embolism was confirmed in further evaluations. Conclusion: In summary, although detection of fat embolus in CT scan in the emergency department is very rare, evaluation of lower extremity venous system in a posttraumatic patient seems to be crucial because early diagnosis of fat embolism can help the clinicians to prevent FES

A 21-year-old Pregnant Trauma Patient with Asymptomatic Fat Embolism; a Case Report

Introduction: Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is most often associated with orthopedic trauma that typically presents 24–72 hours after the trauma with a classic triad. Only few cases of fat embolism due to lower extremity venous system had been reported. Case presentation: The current case report presents a pregnant woman who was referred to our emergency department with bilateral femoral open fracture. After detecting fetal demise by abdominopelvic ultrasound, an area of fat density in right external iliac vein was detected in abdominopelvic contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan which was considered as the probable diagnosis of fat embolism. While the patient did not show signs and symptoms of FES, the fat embolism was confirmed in further evaluations. Conclusion: In summary, although detection of fat embolus in CT scan in the emergency department is very rare, evaluation of lower extremity venous system in a posttraumatic patient seems to be crucial because early diagnosis of fat embolism can help the clinicians to prevent FES

Risk of hypertension in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression

Background: A limited number of publications have assessed the prevalence of hypertension (HTN) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients with inconclusive results. Since in general populations the occurrence of hypertension is related to age per se, we investigated the prevalence (P) / relative risk (RR) of HTN in pooled patients with PCOS, vs control population among reproductive age women with PCOS, compared to menopause/aging patients. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, web of science, and Google scholar were systematically searched for retrieving observational studies published from inception to April 2019 investigating the HTN in patients with PCOS. The primary outcome of interest was pooled P and RR of HTN in reproductive and menopausal/aging women with PCOS compared to control population. Results: The pooled prevalence of HTN in reproductive and menopausal/aging women with PCOS was higher than in the control population [(Pooled P: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.12–0.18 vs. Pooled P: 0.09, 95% CI: 0.08–0.10) and (Pooled P: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.28–0.70 vs. Pooled P: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.22–0.57), respectively]. Compared to the control population, pooled relative risk (RR) of HTN patients was increased only in reproductive age PCOS (1.70-fold, 95% CI: 1.43–2.07) but not in menopausal/aging patients who had PCOS during their reproductive years. The same results were obtained for subgroups of population-based studies. Meta-regression analysis of population-based studies showed that the RR of HTN in reproductive age PCOS patients was 1.76-fold than menopausal/aging PCOS patients (P = 0.262). Conclusion: This meta-analysis confirms a greater risk of HTN in PCOS patients but demonstrates that this risk is increased only in reproductive age women with PCOS, indicating that after menopause, having a history of PCOS may not be as an important predisposing factor for developing HTN.publishedVersio

An Investigation into Decision Styles of Mobile Phone Customers

Customers relate to various markets with distinct decision making styles. Such styles may be somewhat time independent. The present study was conducted to take a thorough look at Sproles & Kendall’s model of decision making styles among mobile phone customers, with a focus on store location, recommendations and criticism by others, and power of parents. To this end, it was attempted to develop a data collection instrument through the latest changes in the questionnaire for decision making model of purchase as well as experts’ and consumers’ comments and judgments. After the conduction of a random sampling, 385 questionnaires were handed out to mobile phone users out of which 369 were usable. In order to analyze the data and test the hypotheses, structural equations modeling was utilized. The results indicated that habitual and store location styles were the most important ones