Le Pari opportunità in Italia nel contesto europeo

Il presente lavoro si profila come un’indagine specifica, volta all’esplorazione del processo di realizzazione delle pari opportunità tra uomini e donne nel contesto economico, sociale, culturale e politico. L’uguaglianza tra i due sessi è un principio fondante delle democrazie moderne, basate sulla piena partecipazione di tutti i cittadini alla vita pubblica. Partendo da tale considerazione e tenendo sempre presente l’ampia portata del principio di parità, questo studio analizza l’integrazione delle donne nel mondo del lavoro, nei processi decisionali e nella rappresentanza politica

Women's Participation in the Medical Profession: Insights from Experiences in Japan, Scandinavia, Russia, and Eastern Europe

Although much literature has focused on the status of female physicians in the United States, limited English-language studies have examined the role of women in the medical profession elsewhere in the world. This article synthesizes evidence regarding the status of female physicians in three purposively selected regions outside the United States: Japan, Scandinavia, and Russia and Eastern Europe. These three regions markedly differ in the proportion of female physicians in the workforce, overall status of the medical profession, cultural views of gender roles, and workforce policies. Through a review of studies and articles published between 1992 and 2012 examining women's representation, status measures such as salary and leadership positions, and experiences of female physicians, the authors discuss potential relationships between the representation of female physicians, their status in medicine, and the overall status of the profession. The findings suggest that even when women constitute a high proportion of the physician workforce, they may continue to be underrepresented in positions of leadership and prestige. Evolving workforce policies, environments, and cultural views of gender roles appear to play a critical role in mediating the relationship between women's participation in the medical profession and their ability to rise to positions of influence within it. These insights are informative for the ongoing debates over the impact of the demographic shifts in the composition of the medical workforce in the United States.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/140127/1/jwh.2014.4736.pd

Hydraulic control by a wide weir in a rotating fluid.

Thesis. 1975. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Meteorology.Bibliography: leaf 34.M.S

Influence of insulating materials on green building rating system results

This paper analyzes the impact of a change in the thermal insulating material on both the energy and environmental performance of a building, evaluated through two different green building assessment methods: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) and Istituto per l'innovazione e Trasparenza degli Appalti e la Compatibilità Ambientale (ITACA). LEED is one of the most qualified rating systems at an international level; it assesses building sustainability thanks to a point-based system where credits are divided into six different categories. One of these is fully related to building materials. The ITACA procedure derives from the international evaluation system Sustainable Building Tool (SBTool), modified according to the Italian context. In the region of Umbria, ITACA certification is composed of 20 technical sheets, which are classified into five macro-areas. The analysis was developed on a residential building located in the central Italy. It was built taking into account the principles of sustainability as far as both structural and technical solutions are concerned. In order to evaluate the influence of thermal insulating material, different configurations of the envelope were considered, replacing the original material (glass wool) with a synthetic one (expanded polystyrene, EPS) and two natural materials (wood fiber and kenaf). The study aims to highlight how the materials characteristics can affect building energy and environmental performance and to point out the different approaches of the analyzed protocols

Affective Reactions to Aversive and Appetitive Cues: Evaluative Process and Emotional Arousal

The present thesis investigated the evaluative process and information provided by different stages of emotional processing in the evaluation of natural scenes. The competing hypotheses, that the evaluation is driven by the emotional significance (arousal) or by a specific valence category, were tested. Experiments 1 and 2 investigated the functional differences between the appetitive and defensive gradients described by the neural response (indexed by the Late Positive Potential and the Alpha-desynchronization), the autonomic changes (skin conductance), and the subjective evaluations of emotional pictures. The results showed that the motivational gradients defined by the physiological response do not differentiate appetitive and aversive stimuli, while the subjective evaluation suggests a steeper negative gradient. Experiments 3 and 4 investigated the differences in attentional engagement to highly arousing distractor pairs of the same (pleasant or unpleasant) or opposite valence (pleasant and unpleasant). The results suggested that all stimuli are evaluated in terms of significance when attentional capture is triggered, regardless of the distractors’ valence. Experiments 5 and 6 investigated the engagement and disengagement components of spatial attention in an instructed saccades dynamic-task. The results suggested that, in this specific task, only the disengagement component of spatial attention is affected by the stimulus significance. Altogether, the present results suggest that the evaluation of affective stimuli and the attentional engagement toward them, is closely related to the emotional significance. Because the ability to evaluate visual stimuli is essential for our survival and well-being, the evaluative system might have evolved to detect significant stimuli in the environment, regardless of their valence. Thus, only in later stages of emotional processing aversive stimuli are evaluated as increasingly more arousing than appetitive ones

Bilan du carbone dans le lagunage anaérobie appliqué sous climat méditerranéen

Ce travail a porté sur l'application du lagunage anaérobie pour le traitement primaire des eaux résiduaires urbaines sous climat méditerranéen. Il a été réalisé sur les lagunes anaérobies de l' Ecosite de Mèze (Hérault, France). Les lagunes anaérobies constituent un traitement primaire satisfaisant avec des rendements moyens de 55% pour les MES et 30% pour la DBO5, pour une faible emprise au sol. Le taux d'accumulation des boues est de seulement 0,017 m3 /EH.an, notamment du fait de l'efficacité de la dégradation anaérobie. L'équilibre du métabolisme anaérobie des boues est atteint après un an de fonctionnement. L'accumulation des boues se fait alors de façon saisonnière avec une forte accumulation en hiver et une digestion du stock en été. Cette évolution est liée à l'influence de la température sur la méthanogénèse. La production de biogaz (83% CH4) a pu être mesurée par des collecteurs à gaz mis au point pour cette étude et dépend également fortement de la température. Le bilan du carbone montre que 74% du carbone organique épuré est converti en CH4, 13% en carbone inorganique dissous et seulement 15% est stocké dans les boues. Toutefois, les lagunes anaérobies présentent un risque de créer des nuisances olfactives dues à l'émission de H2 S.This project examined the application of anaerobic ponds for the primary treatment of urban wastewater under a Mediterranean climate. The objectives of the study were to determine removal performances and to study sludge accumulation and the production of biogas. Together, these results allowed us to calculate the carbon mass balance in the anaerobic ponds.This work was carried out in the two large primary anaerobic ponds of the waste stabilization pond system at the Ecosite of Mèze (Hérault, France), treating domestic wastewater for 13,800 person-equivalents (PE). Anaerobic ponds were 5,000 m3 in volume, 3.1 m in depth and presented a retention time of 4.6 d with a mean volumetric organic loading of 83 g BOD5 /m3 ×d× The characteristics of the influent and effluent (including: suspended solids (SS); chemical oxygen demand (COD); biological oxygen demand (BOD5); bicarbonate (HCO3 -); total organic carbon (TOC); and volatile fatty acids (VFA)) were determined twice-monthly. The volume of sludge and its characteristics (including: SS; volatile solids (VS); TOC; and VFA) were measured monthly. The production of biogas and its composition (CH4, CO2, H2 S) were measured with gas collectors specially developed for this study.Results showed that the anaerobic ponds constituted a good primary treatment with mean removal rates of 55% for SS, 30% for BOD and 22% for COD. Removal performances were relatively constant over the year. Indeed, removal rates were essentially due to the removal of particulate organic matter by sedimentation. Anaerobic degradation occurred essentially in the sludge layer and the removal of soluble COD was low.The study of sludge characteristics showed that anaerobic digestion equilibrium was reached after one year of operation. The beginning of methanogenesis could be observed by the decrease in the concentration of volatile fatty acids. The accumulation of sludge showed seasonal variation with an important accumulation in winter and the digestion of the accumulated stock in summer. This evolution could be related to the influence of temperature on methanogenesis. The mean rate of sludge accumulation was only 3.8 g SS/P-E×d or 0.017 m3/P-E×yr. This rate was significantly lower than for the primary settling tank (50-60 g SS/P-E×d) and for the facultative ponds (0.085 m3 /P-E×yr) due to the intensive anaerobic degradation.The production of biogas was measured by gas collectors specially developed for this study. The biogas contained essentially CH4 (83%); CO2 was less than 4% because it dissolved in the water column and was converted into bicarbonate alkalinity. The concentration of H2 S was less than 1% (between 75 and 4770 ppm) but was the cause of unpleasant odours. The biogas production rate was strongly dependent on temperature. A non-linear relationship was obtained (Ebiogas=4.8451 × e0.1203T, r2=0.92, n=16). The mean annual biogas production rate was calculated to be 49 L/m2 ×d. Seasonal variation in the biogas production rate could be related to seasonal variations in sludge accumulation.The carbon mass balance showed that 74% of the removed organic carbon was converted into CH4, 13% into dissolved inorganic carbon (bicarbonates) and only 15% was stored in sludge. The mass balance was well equilibrated and did not show the entry of atmospheric CO2, which occurs in aerobic ponds where CO2 is used by algae to produce their cell biomass. In an anaerobic pond, the low production of sludge was due to the efficiency of the anaerobic degradation but also to the low internal biomass production.To conclude, the use of a primary anaerobic pond was advantageous and permitted a reduction in the required surface area for a waste stabilization pond system. This process produced effluent for secondary treatment in a facultative pond with essentially the removal of the particulate organic matter. However, However, anaerobic ponds may cause odor problems linked to the emission of H2 S

Electron trapping in amorphous Al2O3

The electron trapping in MOS capacitors with amorphous Al2O3 as an insulating layer was studied through pulsed capacitance-voltage technique. A positive shift of the voltage value corresponding to a constant capacitance (VC) was observed. The dependences of the voltage instability with the applied bias and the charging time were investigated. Two different contributions could be distinguished: a hysteresis phenomenon observed on each measurement cycle, and a permanent accumulated VC-shift to which each measurement cycle contributes. A physical model based on tunneling transitions between the substrate and defects within the oxide was implemented. From the fitting procedure within the energy range covered in our measurements (1.7-2.7 eV below the conduction band edge), the trap density was found to decrease exponentially with trap energy depth from 3.0 × 1020 cm-3eV-1 to 9.6 × 1018 cm-3eV-1, with a uniform spatial distribution within the first 2 nm from the semiconductor interface for the hysteresis traps.Fil: Sambuco Salomone, Lucas Ignacio. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería. Departamento de Física. Laboratorio de Física de Dispositivos Microelectrónica; ArgentinaFil: Campabadal, F.. Instituto de Microelectronica de Barcelona; EspañaFil: Faigon, Adrián Néstor. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería. Departamento de Física. Laboratorio de Física de Dispositivos Microelectrónica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Tecnologías y Ciencias de la Ingeniería "Hilario Fernández Long". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Tecnologías y Ciencias de la Ingeniería "Hilario Fernández Long"; Argentin

Modelización numérica de la pérdida de carga inducida por radiación en celdas CMOS de puerta flotante

Mediante un modelo numérico desarrollado recientemente y basado en principios físicos, se estudia la respuesta a la radiación de celdas de compuerta flotante programadas/borradas. El rol que juega la captura de carga en los óxidos en el desplazamiento total de la tensión umbral con la dosis es debidamente evaluado a través de la variación de la tasa de captura de los huecos generados por radiación. Se considera un modelo analítico simplificado y se discuten sus limitaciones.The radiation response of programmed/erased floating gate cells is studied by numerical simulations through a recently developed physics-based numerical model. The role played by oxide trapped charge in the overall threshold voltage shift with dose is properly evaluated by varying the capture rate of radiation-generated holes. A simplified analytical model is considered, and its limitations are discussed.Fil: Sambuco Salomone, Lucas Ignacio. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: García Inza, Mariano Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Tecnologías y Ciencias de la Ingeniería "Hilario Fernández Long". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Tecnologías y Ciencias de la Ingeniería "Hilario Fernández Long"; ArgentinaFil: Carbonetto, Sebastián Horacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Tecnologías y Ciencias de la Ingeniería "Hilario Fernández Long". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Tecnologías y Ciencias de la Ingeniería "Hilario Fernández Long"; ArgentinaFil: Faigon, Adrián Néstor. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Tecnologías y Ciencias de la Ingeniería "Hilario Fernández Long". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Tecnologías y Ciencias de la Ingeniería "Hilario Fernández Long"; Argentin

Numerical modeling of radiation-induced charge neutralization in MOS devices

Radiation-induced charge neutralization at different bias is studied for 230 nm p-channel MOS dosimeters under γ-radiation. A physics-based numerical model is employed to reproduce the experimental results. Good agreement is obtained between measurements and simulations considering capture and neutralization rates independent of electric field during neutralization stages. Sensitivity curves during neutralization stages show a two part process consisting of a slow decrease for short times followed by a rapid fall. Remarkably, the model predicts this behavior and allows to understand that in terms of the potential well generated due to trapped holes within the oxide.Fil: Sambuco Salomone, Lucas Ignacio. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería. Departamento de Física. Laboratorio de Física de Dispositivos Microelectrónica; ArgentinaFil: García Inza, Mariano Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería. Departamento de Física. Laboratorio de Física de Dispositivos Microelectrónica; ArgentinaFil: Carbonetto, Sebastián Horacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería. Departamento de Física. Laboratorio de Física de Dispositivos Microelectrónica; ArgentinaFil: Lipovetzky, José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; ArgentinaFil: Redin, Eduardo Gabriel. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Faigon, Adrián Néstor. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería. Departamento de Física. Laboratorio de Física de Dispositivos Microelectrónica; Argentin

Zero temperature coefficient bias in MOS devices. Dependence on interface traps density, application to MOS dosimetry

In this paper the influence of temperature fluctuations on the response of thick gate oxide metal oxide semiconductor dosimeters is reviewed and the zero temperature coefficient (ZTC) method is evaluated for error compensation. The response of the ZTC current to irradiation is studied showing that the error compensation impoverishes with absorbed dose. Finally, an explanation and analytic expression for the shifts in the ZTC current with irradiation based on the interface traps creation is proposed and verified with experimental data.Fil: Carbonetto, Sebastián Horacio. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: García Inza, Mariano Andrés. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería; ArgentinaFil: Lipovetzky, José. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Redin, Eduardo Gabriel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería; ArgentinaFil: Sambuco Salomone, Lucas Ignacio. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería; ArgentinaFil: Faigon, Adrian Nestor. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería; Argentin