Developing Literacy Learning Model Based on Multi Literacy, Integrated, and Differentiated Concept at Primary School

The main issue addressed in this research is the low writing skills of primary school students. One of the reasons for this condition is that the existing model of writing literacy learning is not appropriate. The purpose of this study is to explain MID-based literacy teaching model and the impact of the model in increasing primary school students\u27 writing skills. This study used combined methods of exploratory type. The samples were elementary school students coming from six schools with three different characteristics. Based on the data analysis, it can be concluded that the implementation of MID-based literacy learning model has proven to signi cantly contribute to the improvement of students\u27 writing skills. Taking place in all sample schools, the improvement may suggest that the model ts not only to students with high- ability but also those with low-ability. Therefore, the MID-based literacy learning model is needed to improve the ability to write various text types appropriately

Seasonal and Diel Vocalization Patterns of Antarctic Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus intermedia) in the Southern Indian Ocean: A Multi-Year and Multi-Site Study.

Passive acoustic monitoring is an efficient way to provide insights on the ecology of large whales. This approach allows for long-term and species-specific monitoring over large areas. In this study, we examined six years (2010 to 2015) of continuous acoustic recordings at up to seven different locations in the Central and Southern Indian Basin to assess the peak periods of presence, seasonality and migration movements of Antarctic blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus intermedia). An automated method is used to detect the Antarctic blue whale stereotyped call, known as Z-call. Detection results are analyzed in terms of distribution, seasonal presence and diel pattern of emission at each site. Z-calls are detected year-round at each site, except for one located in the equatorial Indian Ocean, and display highly seasonal distribution. This seasonality is stable across years for every site, but varies between sites. Z-calls are mainly detected during autumn and spring at the subantarctic locations, suggesting that these sites are on the Antarctic blue whale migration routes, and mostly during winter at the subtropical sites. In addition to these seasonal trends, there is a significant diel pattern in Z-call emission, with more Z-calls in daytime than in nighttime. This diel pattern may be related to the blue whale feeding ecology

Broad-scale study of the seasonal and geographic occurrence of blue and fin whales in the Southern Indian Ocean

The southern Indian Ocean is believed to be a natural territory for blue and fin whales. However, decades after commercial and illegal whaling decimated these populations, little is known about their current status, seasonal habitat or movements. Recent passive acoustic studies have described the presence of 4 acoustic populations of blue whales (Antarctic and 3 'pygmy' types), but are generally limited temporally and geographically. Here, we examine up to 7 yr of continuous acoustic recordings (2010-2016) from a hydrophone network of 6 widely spaced sites in the southern Indian Ocean, looking for the presence of Antarctic and pygmy blue and fin whales. Power spectral density analyses of characteristic and distinct frequency bands of these species show seasonal and geographic differences among the different populations, and the overall patterns for each display interannual consistencies in timing and occurrence. Antarctic blue and fin whales are recorded across the hydrophone network, mainly from austral autumn to spring, with peak intensity in winter. Pygmy blue whales show spatial variation: Madagascan pygmy blue whales are mainly present in the west of the network, while the Australian call type is heard at the eastern sites. Both populations share a common seasonality, with a presence from January to June. Finally, the Sri Lankan call type is recorded only on a single site in the northeast. These results confirm the importance of the southern Indian Ocean for several populations of endangered large whales and present the first long-term assessment of fin whales in the southern Indian Ocean

Spectrogram of two consecutive Z-calls.

<p>The noisy frequency band between 18 and 28 Hz is formed by the Antarctic blue whale and fin whale chorus.</p

Boxplot of mean-adjusted number of detections per hour during four light regimes, averaged over available years of data for each station and over seasons of Antarctic blue whale presence of the corresponding station (autumn, winter and spring for MAD, NEAMS, SSEIR and SWAMS; the entire year for NCRO and WKER).

<p>Lower and upper bounds of boxes represent lower and upper quartiles, respectively. Red lines are median values and asterisks are mean values. Note that means (asterisks) sometimes differ from median due to many outliers, not shown in the graphic for more readability. <i>N</i> is the total number of detections during the seasons of presence.</p

Blue whale acoustic monitoring in the South-West Indian Ocean: an overview from large array of hydrophones

International audienc

Normalized number of Z-calls detected per month averaged over the available years of data for each station, and corresponding Chorus to Noise-without-chorus Ratio (CNR) level (red curves).

<p>The color bar represents the seasons (yellow: summer; brown: autumn; blue: winter; green: spring).</p

Parameter <i>U</i>, defining the unit A frequency to model the Z-call for each year of data.

<p>Parameter <i>U</i>, defining the unit A frequency to model the Z-call for each year of data.</p