Heterozygous Variants in KMT2E Cause a Spectrum of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Epilepsy.

We delineate a KMT2E-related neurodevelopmental disorder on the basis of 38 individuals in 36 families. This study includes 31 distinct heterozygous variants in KMT2E (28 ascertained from Matchmaker Exchange and three previously reported), and four individuals with chromosome 7q22.2-22.23 microdeletions encompassing KMT2E (one previously reported). Almost all variants occurred de novo, and most were truncating. Most affected individuals with protein-truncating variants presented with mild intellectual disability. One-quarter of individuals met criteria for autism. Additional common features include macrocephaly, hypotonia, functional gastrointestinal abnormalities, and a subtle facial gestalt. Epilepsy was present in about one-fifth of individuals with truncating variants and was responsive to treatment with anti-epileptic medications in almost all. More than 70% of the individuals were male, and expressivity was variable by sex; epilepsy was more common in females and autism more common in males. The four individuals with microdeletions encompassing KMT2E generally presented similarly to those with truncating variants, but the degree of developmental delay was greater. The group of four individuals with missense variants in KMT2E presented with the most severe developmental delays. Epilepsy was present in all individuals with missense variants, often manifesting as treatment-resistant infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Microcephaly was also common in this group. Haploinsufficiency versus gain-of-function or dominant-negative effects specific to these missense variants in KMT2E might explain this divergence in phenotype, but requires independent validation. Disruptive variants in KMT2E are an under-recognized cause of neurodevelopmental abnormalities

Cardiac wasting in head and neck cancer and in cardiac autopsies from different cancer types. A study in a chemo-naïve setting Sara Calamelli, Samantha Noto, Alessandra Baldoni, Alessandra Casarin, Alessandro Calzavara, Irene Bolgan, Silvia Coccato, Salvatore Saccà, Licia Laurino, Giuseppe Azzarello, Simonetta Ausoni

Background: Cardiac wasting is a detrimental consequence of cancer that has been traditionally ignored and often misinterpreted as an iatrogenic effect. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study on 42 chemo-naive patients affected by locally advanced head and neck cancer (HNC). Based on unintentional weight loss, patients were divided into cachectic and non-cachectic. Left ventricular mass (LVM), LV-wall thickness (LV-WT), interventricular septal (IVS) thickness, left ventricular internal diameter diastolic (LVIDd), left ventricular internal diameter systolic (LVIDs), internal ventricular septum diastolic (IVSd), left ventricular posterior wall thickness diastolic (LVPWd) and LV-ejection fraction (LV-EF) were analyzed by ecocardiography. In parallel, we retrospectively analyzed 28 cardiac autoptic specimens of patients who either died of cancer before chemotherapy or with a diagnosis of cancer at autopsy. Presence or absence of myocardial fibrosis at microscopic observation was used for sample stratification. Conventional histology was performed. Results: Cachectic and non-cachectic patients had a significantly different value of LV-WT and IVS thickness and LVPWd. LV-WT was 9.08 ± 1.57 vs 10.35 ± 1.41 mm (p=0.011) in cachectic and non-cachectic patients, IVS was 10.00 mm (8.50-11.00) vs 11.00 mm (10.00-12.00) (p=0.035) and LVPWd was 9.0 mm (8.5-10.0) and 10.00 mm (9.5-11.0) (p=0.019) in cachectic and non-cachectic patients. LVM adjusted for body surface area or height squared did not differ between the two populations. Similarly, LV-EF did not show any significant decline. At multivariate logistic regression analysis for some independent predictors of weight loss, only LV-WT maintained significant difference between cachectic and non-cachectic patients (p=0.035, OR=0.240; p=0.019). The secondary analysis on autoptic specimens showed no significant change in heart weight, whereas LV-WT declined from 9.50mm (7.25 – 11.00) to 7.50 mm (6.00 –9.00) in cardiac specimens with myocardial fibrosis (p=0.043). This data was confirmed in multivariate logistic regression analysis (p=0.041, OR=0.502). Histopathological analysis confirmed severe atrophy of cardiomyocytes, fibrosis and edema as compared to controls. Conclusion: Subtle changes in heart structure and function occur early in HNC patients. These can be detected with routine echocardiography and may help to select appropriate cancer treatment regimens for these patients. Histopathological analysis provided conclusive evidence that atrophy of cardiomyocytes, edema and fibrosis occur during cancer progression and may precede the onset of overt cardiac pathology. To our knowledge, this is the first clinical study that establishes a direct relationship between tumor progression and cardiac remodeling in HNCs, and the first pathological study conducted on human cardiac autopsies from selected chemo-naïve cancer patients

Cardiac wasting in head and neck cancer and in cardiac autopsies from different cancer types: A study in a chemo‐naïve setting

Abstract Background Cardiac wasting is a detrimental consequence of cancer that has been traditionally ignored and often misinterpreted as an iatrogenic effect. Methods We conducted a retrospective study on 42 chemo‐naive patients affected by locally advanced head and neck cancer (HNC). Based on unintentional weight loss, patients were divided into cachectic and non‐cachectic. Left ventricular mass (LVM), LV wall thickness (LVWT), interventricular septal (IVS) thickness, left ventricular internal diameter diastolic (LVIDd), left ventricular internal diameter systolic (LVIDs), internal ventricular septum diastolic (IVSd), left ventricular posterior wall thickness diastolic (LVPWd) and LV ejection fraction (LVEF) were analysed by echocardiography. In parallel, we retrospectively analysed 28 cardiac autoptic specimens of patients who either died of cancer before chemotherapy or with a diagnosis of cancer at autopsy. Presence or absence of myocardial fibrosis at microscopic observation was used for sample stratification. Conventional histology was performed. Results Cachectic and non‐cachectic patients had a significantly different value of LVWT and IVS thickness and LVPWd. LVWT was 9.08 ± 1.57 versus 10.35 ± 1.41 mm (P = 0.011) in cachectic and non‐cachectic patients, IVS was 10.00 mm (8.50–11.00) versus 11.00 mm (10.00–12.00) (P = 0.035), and LVPWd was 9.0 (8.5–10.0) and 10.00 mm (9.5–11.0) (P = 0.019) in cachectic and non‐cachectic patients. LVM adjusted for body surface area or height squared did not differ between the two populations. Similarly, LVEF did not show any significant decline. At multivariate logistic regression analysis for some independent predictors of weight loss, only LVWT maintained significant difference between cachectic and non‐cachectic patients (P = 0.035, OR = 0.240; P = 0.019). The secondary analysis on autoptic specimens showed no significant change in heart weight, whereas LVWT declined from 9.50 (7.25–11.00) to 7.50 mm (6.00–9.00) in cardiac specimens with myocardial fibrosis (P = 0.043). These data were confirmed in multivariate logistic regression analysis (P = 0.041, OR = 0.502). Histopathological analysis confirmed severe atrophy of cardiomyocytes, fibrosis and oedema as compared with controls. Conclusions Subtle changes in heart structure and function occur early in HNC patients. These can be detected with routine echocardiography and may help to select appropriate cancer treatment regimens for these patients. Histopathological analysis provided conclusive evidence that atrophy of cardiomyocytes, oedema and fibrosis occur during cancer progression and may precede the onset of overt cardiac pathology. To our knowledge, this is the first clinical study that establishes a direct relationship between tumour progression and cardiac remodelling in HNCs and the first pathological study conducted on human cardiac autopsies from selected chemo‐naïve cancer patients

Heterozygous Variants in KMT2E Cause a Spectrum of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Epilepsy

We delineate a KMT2E-related neurodevelopmental disorder on the basis of 38 individuals in 36 families. This study includes 31 distinct heterozygous variants in KMT2E (28 ascertained from Matchmaker Exchange and three previously reported), and four individuals with chromosome 7q22.2-22.23 microdeletions encompassing KMT2E (one previously reported). Almost all variants occurred de novo, and most were truncating. Most affected individuals with protein-truncating variants presented with mild intellectual disability. One-quarter of individuals met criteria for autism. Additional common features include macrocephaly, hypotonia, functional gastrointestinal abnormalities, and a subtle facial gestalt. Epilepsy was present in about one-fifth of individuals with truncating variants and was responsive to treatment with anti-epileptic medications in almost all. More than 70% of the individuals were male, and expressivity was variable by sex; epilepsy was more common in females and autism more common in males. The four individuals with microdeletions encompassing KMT2E generally presented similarly to those with truncating variants, but the degree of developmental delay was greater. The group of four individuals with missense variants in KMT2E presented with the most severe developmental delays. Epilepsy was present in all individuals with missense variants, often manifesting as treatment-resistant infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Microcephaly was also common in this group. Haploinsufficiency versus gain-of-function or dominant-negative effects specific to these missense variants in KMT2E might explain this divergence in phenotype, but requires independent validation. Disruptive variants in KMT2E are an under-recognized cause of neurodevelopmental abnormalities