Exposure of young rats to diphenyl ditelluride during lactation affects the homeostasis of the cytoskeleton in neural cells from striatum and cerebellum

AbstractIn the present report we examined the effect of maternal exposure to diphenyl ditelluride (PhTe)2 (0.01mg/kg body weight) during the first 14 days of lactational period on the activity of some protein kinases targeting the cytoskeleton of striatum and cerebellum of their offspring. We analyzed the phosphorylating system associated with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament of low, medium and high molecular weight (NF-L, NF-M and NF-H, respectively) of pups on PND 15, 21, 30 and 45. We found that (PhTe)2 induced hyperphosphorylation of all the proteins studied on PND 15 and 21, recovering control values on PND 30 and 45. The immunocontent of GFAP, NF-L, NF-M and NF-H in the cerebellum of 15-day-old pups was increased. Western blot assays showed activation/phosphorylation of Erk1/2 on PND 21 and activation/phosphorylation of JNK on PND 15. Otherwise, p38MAPK was not activated in the striatum of (PhTe)2 exposed pups. On the other hand, the cerebellum of pups exposed to (PhTe)2 presented activated/phosphorylated Erk1/2 on PND 15 and 21 as well as activated/phosphorylated p38MAPK on PND 21, while JNK was not activated. Western blot assays showed that both in the striatum and in the cerebellum of (PhTe)2 exposed pups, the immunocontent of the catalytic subunit of PKA (PKAcα) was increased on PND 15. Western blot showed that the phosphorylation level of NF-L Ser55 and NF-M/NF-H KSP repeats was increased in the striatum and cerebellum of both 15- and 21-day-old pups exposed to (PhTe)2. Diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)2, the selenium analog of (PhTe)2, prevented (PhTe)2-induced hyperphosphorylation of striatal intermediate filament (IF) proteins but it failed to prevent the action of (PhTe)2 in cerebellum. Western blot assay showed that the (PhSe)2 prevented activation/phosphorylation of Erk1/2, JNK and PKAcα but did not prevent the stimulatory effect of (PhTe)2 on p38MAPK in cerebellum at PND 21. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that dam exposure to low doses of (PhTe)2 can alter cellular signaling targeting the cytoskeleton of striatum and cerebellum in the offspring in a spatiotemporal manner, which can be related to the neurotoxic effects of (PhTe)2

Dual action of chronic ethanol treatment on LPS-induced response in C6 glioma cells

AbstractIn this study we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of chronic ethanol (EtOH) treatment on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated C6 glioma cells. The cells were chronically treated with 200mM EtOH; coincubation with LPS and EtOH was obtained upon addition of 2μg/ml LPS to the incubation medium in the last 24h of EtOH exposure. We found that EtOH prevented the LPS-induced production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) without decreasing cell viability. Either LPS treated or EtOH plus LPS treated cells presented upregulated glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and downregulated vimentin levels characterizing a program of reactive astrogliosis. Also, EtOH plus LPS stimulation greatly increased the oxidative stress generation evaluated by DCF-DA measurement, while either EtOH alone or LPS alone was unable to induce oxidative stress. Western blot analysis indicated that either EtOH, LPS or EtOH plus LPS treatments are unable to affect Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway. However, LPS alone and EtOH plus LPS co-treatment inhibited Erk phosphorylation. A dramatic loss of stress fibers was found in EtOH exposed cells, evaluated by cytochemistry using phalloidin-fluorescein. However, LPS alone was not able to disrupt actin organization. Furthermore, cells co-incubated with LPS and EtOH presented reversion of the disrupted stress fibers provoked by EtOH. Supporting this action, RhoA and vinculin immunocontent were upregulated in response to EtOH plus LPS. Interestingly, EtOH suppresses the inflammatory cascade (TNFα production) in response to LPS. Concomitantly it sustains Erk inhibition, increases oxidative stress generation and induces reactive astrogliosis in the presence of LPS, conditions associated with neurotoxicity. The effects observed were not supported by actin reorganization. Altogether, these findings suggest that Erk signaling inhibition could play a role in both suppressing TNFα production and inducing oxidative stress generation and astrogliosis, therefore modulating a dual action of EtOH plus LPS in glial cells

Envolvimento da via PLC no mecanismo de ação do T4 sobre a fosforilação das proteínas do citoesqueleto de córtex cerebral de ratos

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Antidepressant-like effects of chronic guanosine in the olfactory bulbectomy mouse model

Major depressive disorder (MDD) leads to pervasive changes in the health of afflicted patients. Despite advances in the understanding of MDD and its treatment, profound innovation is needed to develop fast-onset antidepressants with higher effectiveness. When acutely administered, the endogenous nucleoside guanosine (GUO) shows fast-onset antidepressant-like effects in several mouse models, including the olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) rodent model. OBX is advocated to possess translational value and be suitable to assess the time course of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This study aimed at investigating the long-term behavioral and neurochemical effects of GUO in a mouse model of depression induced by bilateral bulbectomy (OBX). Mice were submitted to OBX and, after 14 days of recovery, received daily (ip) administration of 7.5 mg/kg GUO or 40 mg/kg imipramine (IMI) for 45 days. GUO and IMI reversed the OBX-induced hyperlocomotion and recognition memory impairment, hippocampal BDNF increase, and redox imbalance (ROS, NO, and GSH levels). GUO also mitigated the OBX-induced hippocampal neuroinflammation (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, INF-γ, and IL-10). Brain microPET imaging ([18F]FDG) shows that GUO also prevented the OBX-induced increase in hippocampal FDG metabolism. These results provide additional evidence for GUO antidepressant-like effects, associated with beneficial neurochemical outcomes relevant to counteract depression

Efeito da homocisteína sobre a fosforilação dos filamentos intermediários de hipocampo de ratos

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Efeitos da homocisteína sobre parâmetros bioquímicos e estruturais do citoesqueleto de células neurais de ratos

A homocistinúria (HHCY) é uma desordem metabólica causada algum tipo de deficiência no metabolismo da metionina, folato ou vitamina B12, resultando no acúmulo tecidual de homocisteína (Hcy) e de metionina. Os pacientes afetados por essa doença apresentam principalmente retardo mental, isquemia cerebral, convulsões e aterosclerose. Vários mecanismos têm sido propostos para explicar a relação entre HHCY e desordens no sistema nervoso, entre eles podemos destacar mecanismos glutamatérgicos, mobilização de Ca+2 e envolvimento de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS). Considerando que o citoesqueleto é um importante alvo para a sinalização celular em inúmeras doenças neurodegenerativas, nosso estudo investigou os possíveis efeitos tóxicos da Hcy sobre alguns parâmetros bioquímicos do citoesqueleto neural. Ratos submetidos a um tratamento crônico com Hcy apresentam uma marcada seletividade na alteração da expressão gênica das subunidades dos filamentos intermediários (FIs) estudados, tanto no extrato tecidual total como na fração citoesquelética de hipocampo e córtex cerebral, refletindo uma maior susceptibilidade do hipocampo nessas alterações. Estudos in vitro mostraram que a Hcy 100 e 500 μM, relacionadas a homocistinuria (HHCY) moderada e grave respectivamente, são capazes de causar hiper (Hcy 100 μM) ou hipofosforilação (Hcy 500 μM) das subunidades dos neurofilamentos e da proteina glial fibrilar ácida, FIs do citoesqueleto de neurônios e astrócitos respectivamente. Estes efeitos são dependentes da idade dos ratos e da estrutura cerebral, manifestando-se em hipocampo de ratos de 17 dias de idade. Resultados em fatias de hipocampo mostraram que a ação das duas concentrações de Hcy é mediada por mecanismos dependentes do influxo de Ca2+ por receptores NMDA e por canais de Ca2+ dependentes de voltagem, assim como da liberação de Ca2+ dos estoques intracelulares, enfatizando a alta suscetibilidade e complexidade das vias de sinalização ativadas por Ca2+ no hipocampo. Além disso, estudos morfológicos em astrócitos e células de glioma C6 mostraram que células glias em cultura também são alvo para as ações da Hcy, reorganizando seu citoesqueleto e alterando o sistema fosforilante associado ao mesmo através de mecanismos envolvendo excitotoxicidade, estresse oxidativo e mecanismos glutamatérgicos. Estes estudos mostram que a integridade estrutural do citoesqueleto é da maior importância para o funcionamento neuronal e qualquer distúrbio na dinâmica desta estrutura poderia ativar processos de reparação plástica manifestados como alterações na expressão, localização e metabolismo das proteínas do citoesqueleto. No entanto, os mecanismos através dos quais o desequilíbrio do citoesqueleto é capaz de induzir a disfunção neural ainda não foram esclarecidos e a exata dimensão destas alterações precisa ser determinada.The homocystinuria (HHCY) is a metabolic disorder caused by deficiency in the metabolism of methionine, vitamin B12 or folate, which leads to tissue accumulation of homocysteine (Hcy) and methionine. Homocystinuric patients usually present mental retardation, cerebral ischemia, seizures, and atherosclerosis. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the relationship between HHCY and nervous system disorders, among them we can highlight glutamatergic mechanisms, mobilization of Ca+2 and involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Considering that the cytoskeleton is an important target for cellular signaling in many neurodegenerative diseases, our study investigated the possible toxic effects of Hcy on some biochemical parameters of the neural cytoskeleton. Initially, we demonstrated that rats subjected to chronic model of Hcy showed a marked selectivity in alterations of gene expression, total immunocontent and cytoskeletal fraction of subunits of intermediate filaments (IFs) studied, reflecting a greater susceptibility of the hippocampus in these changes. In vitro studies showed that 100 and 500 μM Hcy associated with moderate and severe HHCY respectively, was able to induced hyperphosphorylation (Hcy 100 μM) and hypophosphorylation (Hcy 500 μM) of neurofilaments subunits and glial fibrillary acidic protein, IFs of neuronal and astrocytic cytoskeleton. These effects are dependentents of age and cerebral structure of rats: hippocampus of 17 day old rats are sensible. Results in slices of hippocampus showed that the action of Hcy is mediated by mechanisms dependent of influx of Ca2+ by NMDA receptors and Ca2+ channels voltage-dependent and release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores, emphasizing the high susceptibility and complexity of signaling pathways activated by Ca2+ in the hippocampus. In addition, glial cells were also target for the actions of Hcy, reorganizing their cytoskeleton and changing the phosphorylation system associated to cytoskeleton through mechanisms involving excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and glutamatergic mechanisms. The cytoskeleton may represent a target to HHCY and your dysfunction can have an important role in neurodegeneration characteristic of the disease. However, the mechanisms by which disruption of the cytoskeleton proteins is able to induce neural dysfunction have not yet been clarified and the exact extent of these changes need to be determined

Alpha-ketoisocaproic acid increases phosphorylation of intermediate filament proteins from rat cerebral cortex by mechanisms involving Ca²+ an cAMP

We have previously described that a-ketoisocaproic acid (KIC), the main metabolite accumulating in maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), increased the in vitro phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins in cerebral cortex of 17- and 21-day-old rats through NMDA glutamatergic receptors. In the present study we investigated the protein kinases involved in the effects of KIC on the phosphorylating system associated with the cytoskeletal fraction and provided an insight on the mechanisms involved in such effects. Results showed that 1 mM KIC increased the in vitro incorporation of 32P into intermediate filament (IF) proteins in slices of 21-day-old rats at shorter incubation times (5 min) than previously reported. Furthermore, this effect was prevented by 10 lM KN-93 and 10 lM H-89, indicating that KIC treatment increased Ca2+/calmodulin- (PKCaMII) and cAMP- (PKA) dependent protein kinases activities, respectively. Nifedipine (100 lM), a blocker of voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCC), DL-AP5 (100 lM), a NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist and BAPTA-AM (50 lM), a potent intracellular Ca2+ chelator, were also able to prevent KICinduced increase of in vitro phosphorylation of IF proteins. In addition, KIC treatment was able to significantly increase the intracellular cAMP levels. This data support the view that KIC increased the activity of the second messenger-dependent protein kinases PKCaMII and PKA through intracellular Ca2+ levels. Considering that hyperphosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins is related to neurodegeneration it is presumed that the Ca2+-dependent hyperphosphorylation of IF proteins caused by KIC may be involved to the neuropathology of MSUD patients

Crosstalk among disrupted glutamatergic and cholinergic homeostasis and inflammatory response in mechanisms elicited by proline in astrocytes

Hyperprolinemias are inherited disorder of proline (Pro) metabolism. Patients affected may present neurological manifestations, but the mechanisms of neural excitotoxicity elicited by hyperprolinemia are far from being understood. Considering that the astrocytes are important players in neurological disorders, the aim of the present work was to study the effects 1 mM Pro on glutamatergic and inflammatory parameters in cultured astrocytes from cerebral cortex of rats, exploring some molecular mechanisms underlying the disrupted homeostasis of astrocytes exposed to this toxic Pro concentration. We showed that cortical astrocytes of rats exposed to 1 mM Pro presented significantly elevated extracellular glutamate and glutamine levels, suggesting glutamate excitotoxicity. The excess of glutamate elicited by Pro together with increased glutamate uptake and upregulated glutamine synthetase (GS) activity supported misregulated glutamate homeostasis in astrocytic cells. High Pro levels also induced production/release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. We also evidenced misregulation of cholinergic anti-inflammatory system with increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and decreased acetylcholine (ACh) levels, contributing to the inflammatory status in Pro-treated astrocytes. Our findings highlighted a crosstalk among disrupted glutamate homeostasis, cholinergic mechanisms, and inflammatory cytokines, since ionotropic (DL-AP5 and CNQX) and metabotropic (MCPG and MPEP) glutamate antagonists were able to restore the extracellular glutamate and glutamine levels; downregulate TNFα and IL6 production/release, modulate GS and AChE activities; and restore ACh levels. Otherwise, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs nimesulide, acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, and diclofenac sodium decreased the extracellular glutamate and glutamine levels, downregulated GS and AChE activities, and restored ACh levels in Pro-treated astrocytes. Altogether, our results evidence that the vulnerability of metabolic homeostasis in cortical astrocytes might have important implications in the neurotoxicity of Pro